Why do you feel that way? Or why do you feel this way?

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Neither is wrong. The difference between "this" and "that" is subtle and is probably a matter of context or even personal preference.

Personally I would say, "Why do you feel that way?"

I am assuming that the context of the question ("Why do you feel that way?") is a conversation between people.

In that context, i.e. two people having a dialogue, "this" would tend to refer to the person (e.g 'Mary') who is speaking or asking the question ("Why do you feel that way?") while "that" would tend to refer to the other person (e.g. 'John') that Mary is speaking to or asking the question of.

Note that I could have started the previous sentence with "In this context...". That would have been correct. (This would have been correct.)

In my opinion, in the context of your question, "that" is clearer because "that" implies someone or something over there, apart from me, which has already happened (John), i.e. not being or happening here where I am (Mary).

Mary says, "I feel so bad. Why do I feel this way?"

John says, "I don't know, why do you feel that way?"

I feel this is the best answer I can give you.

I feel that is the best answer I can give you.

May I ask what you think about this/that?

Why do you feel that way? Or why do you feel this way?

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