'Set' (singular) is the grammatical subject.
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Hans51can we not think that 'found in China' modifies '47 human teeth' like A set of 47 human teeth which were found in China...?Grammatically, 'set' remains the subject and the referent for 'found in China'. Proximate concord is generated by the proximity of 'teeth' to the phrase.
Hans51And I think that there is no meaning difference