'The background from which and against which our ideas of *** were formed' here the subject is "our ideas of ***" nature remains the supreme moral problem' the subject is "nature" 'The background from which and against which our ideas of *** were formed explains the word "nature" You could read the whole sentence as follows: Nature,(that is) the background from which and against which our ideas of *** were formed, remains the supreme moral problem. The original sentence would be clearer with a comma between "nature" and "remains".
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'The background from which and against which our ideas of *** were formed'
nature remains the supreme moral problem'
'The background from which and against which our ideas of *** were formed