When an Ainu dies, those left behind must perform a ritual before they can pass on to the afterlife.
Q. What's the thing that they can pass on to the afterlife?
anonymous Q. What's the thing that they can pass on to the afterlife? An Ainu.
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anonymousQ. What's the thing that they can pass on to the afterlife?
An Ainu. The pronoun they is sometimes used instead of he/she (i.e. they replaces either he or she).
When an Ainu dies, those left behind must perform a ritual before they(=the Ainu who has died) can pass on to the afterlife.
UPDATE:
In the given context 'pass on' is an intransitive phrasal verb that means 'go', so there is no object.
before they can pass on to the afterlife
~ before they can go to the afterlife
anonymousWhat's the thing that they can pass on to the afterlife?
This question is anomalous in the context of the opening sentence.
However,
There is no object of "pass." The direct object in the sentence if "a ritual." It is the object of the verb "perform."