a. 'Upright' is basically vertical (its main axis runs up and down), but need not be mathematically so, and often is used in a metaphorical sense, as in 'Matt Dillon was an upright marshal'. 'Vertical' is (relatively) mathematically aligned with its long axis parallel to the direction of earth's gravity, or at 90 degrees to the horizon (to the 'horizontal', with which the word is often contrasted).
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