You need to refer to a dictionary for full definitions, bu here is the general idea. eg Roger Bannister's career had a duality. He was a gifted athlete and an outstanding neurologist.
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A dichotomy is the division of a whole into two things that are contradictory or completely different.
One of the fundamental dichotomies in classical physics was that between energy and matter.
Duality is the property of having two aspects.
In physics light is sometimes explained as a particle and sometimes as a wave. That is the duality of light.
CJ