What grammar rule governs these coonstructions?

Question

I read these sentences from several websites. I'd like to know what grammar rule governs the following underlined words and how popular they are in modern english usage.

A) College teachers don't go to high school, HOPING to enroll students which others have ignored.

B) In the game, those kind of enemies make air units attack each other, CREATING chaos among enemy ranks.

c) Alan revealed the tunnel position, which could be seen from one hundred meters away, ENDANGERING the other prisoners.

Questions

1) Could each "ing" clause be replaced with a relative clause?

2) In the last sentence, did the writer use a writing style not to repeat a relative clause twice?

Thanks in advance

CalifJim · Accepted Answer

jossxI'd like to know what grammar rule governs the following underlined words

It's not really a grammar rule. These are participial constructions. They can be paraphrased in various ways.

College teachers don't go to high school, HOPING to enroll [with the hope of enrolling] students which others have ignored. (This one should not have the comma.)

In the game, those kind of enemies make air units attack each other, CREATING chaos [and by doing so, they create chaos] among enemy ranks.

Alan revealed the tunnel position, which could be seen from one hundred meters away, ENDANGERING [and by doing so, they endanger] the other prisoners.

1) No. These are not relative clauses, which are adjectival. They are closer in function to adverbial clauses.

2) No. The writer was not necessarily avoiding the repetition of a relative clause.

CJ

What grammar rule governs these coonstructions?

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