Context: The commercial success of GE crop varieties typically requires that biotechnology-derived trait enhancements be incorporated into successful cultivars (cultivated varieties with useful agronomic properties),the devel- opment of which requires significant knowledge of traditional plant breeding and the availability of genetic material (germplasm). This comple- mentarity has been related to various institutional arrangements between seed and technology suppliers. GE crops are often classified into one of three generations (Panos). Crops with enhanced input traits,such as herbicide tolerance,insect resistance,and tolerance to environmental stresses (like drought),represent the first genera- tion. GE crops benefit farmers and may also offer environmental benefits. Second-generation crops include those with added-value output traits,such as nutrient enhancement for animal feed. Consumers will benefit directly from these products when they are available on the market. The third gener- ation includes crops that produce pharmaceuticals or improve processing of bio-based fuels,and products beyond traditional food and fiber. At present, adoption of GE crops is generally limited to those with first-generation traits, which were tested on a large scale (field testing) in the 1980s to ensure that
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Perhaps the author is citing some work by a person named Panos.
— Clive
Perhaps the author is citing some work by a person named Panos.
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