What do the words "all of them" refer to?

Hello~ In the following sentences, what does the phrase "all of them" refer to?

Persons taking the programs or the programs themselves ? Any idea would be welcomed. Thanks~

We were able to provide one of the first coherent and globally known narratives of the reasons for the nation’s success. These included a strong vision of and value for public education in which most children participate as the creators of its future society; resulting in a high status for the country’s teaching profession whose members are stringently selected through rigorous university-based teacher education programs that confer master’s degrees on all of them;