Type of usage in these examples

1.One day sometime in the future, I'll win the lottery.
2.It doesn't matter what they say, i'm not going on the trip
3.The vast amount of people in the city, they live in poor conditions.

My 10 year challenge, I'd like to travel the whole world.

Would these be classed as introductory clauses or prepositions (what is the distinction?)

What is the difference between 2 and 3 in terms of the opening clause--type usage?

You see, it's time for a change. (Would this usage just be vocative case?)
Trust me, it's on it's way.

You give me the names, i'll get you the information. (Would this be vocative or comma splice: except-able in speech, right.