Two past participles of a same verb

Question

HiI would like to ask a few questions in this post.Is there any (special) term for those verbs which have two past participles with different meanings?Cost - Cost -      [Cost/Costed]Hang - Hanged - [Hung/Hanged]Speed - Speed - [Sped/Speeded]Shine - Shone -  [Shone/ Shined]Abide - Abided - [Abided/Abode]How wrong would it be to use one past participle where the other is required? For example:The medicine has sped her recovery.                         [speeded]The police said he had sped on the motorway.         [speeded]Has the project been cost?                                       [costed]I have shone my shoes.                                            [shined]He has abided with her most of his life.                   [abode]Lastly, could you please tell me some more verbs like this?Thanks,Tom

Avangi · Accepted Answer

In my experience there are two types:

1. The identical infinitive forms are actually two different verbs.
2. There's only one verb, but the alternate P.P. is optional, or regional.

Check your dictionary. If you use the wrong one in type 1., it's incorrect.
If you use the alternate one in type 2., there's no problem.

They hung the picture in the wrong place. ("Hanged" would be incorrect.)

They hanged the horsethief at dawn. ("Hung" would be incorrect.)

Your dictionary will tell you right up front what the correct P.P is, and if there's an acceptable alternate.

In the case of "to hang a thief" and "to hang a picture," there will be two separate entries.

Mr. Tom · Answer

Mr. Tom

The medicine has sped her recovery. [speeded]

The police said he had sped on the motorway. [speeded]

Has the project been cost? [costed]

I have shone my shoes. [shined]

He has abided with her most of his life. [abode]

Thanks, Avangi. Can I request some light on these sentences? How many of them would sound plain wrong if we tampered with the past participle?

Tom

CalifJim · Answer

Mr. TomThe medicine has sped her recovery. [speeded]

The police said he had sped on the motorway. [speeded]

As far as I know, sped and speeded are in free variation. My dictionary usually points out usage problems, and it says nothing special about these past participles. Either form would do in either sentence. Personally, I think I would use sped her recovery and speeded on the highway. But I'm not sure. I might say sped on the highway!

Mr. TomHas the project been cost? [costed]cost is not correct.

You can say that an article for sale has cost a certain amount. (Not has costed.)

If you cost a project, you determine its costs (and you are probably an accountant). At the end of the process, the project has been costed. You have costed it. (Not have cost it.) [This usage is almost entirely restricted to accounting procedures used to help run a business, so 99.9% of the time has cost is what you'll need.]
Mr. TomI have shone my shoes. [shined]
shone is not correct.

You can say that a source of light has shone or has shined.

If you shine a shoe, it will be shined. You have shined it. (Not shone it.) [Don't use shone transitively.]
Personally, I don't generate the form shone at all, though I recognize it when I hear it or read it.
Mr. TomHe has abided with her most of his life. [abode]
I have no mastery over the verb abide, so I can't comment on it. I have only read it in very old texts, and no one that I come in contact with ever uses this verb. It is highly unlikely that you will ever need to know the usage of abide. For all practical purposes, it is a dead word.

CJ

Avangi · Answer

CalifJimIt is highly unlikely that you will ever need to know the usage of abide. For all practical purposes, it is a dead word.

I still hear "I can't abide a liar/thief/etc." But I understand what you're saying. I sometimes keep company with octogenarians, and we too are dead for all practical purposes.

Avangi · Answer

Re "cost," I completely agree with Jim on this, and am a bit chagrined that my previous advice breaks down.
My 1981 Am Htg Dictionary doesn't include "costed" as a P.P / 3rd sing., although the transitive definiition is clearly the one we're talking about: "to estimate or determine the cost of." [Yesterday Jack costed this equipment at $2 million.] (The other common usage is intransitive. Yesterday this thing cost twice as much!)
(Note: I use the 3rd singular rather than the P.P because it's less confusing.) [:^)]

But obviously my source treats these as two different uses of the same verb. Perhaps a newer dictionary will take a different tack.

Ah yes! I'm exhonerated! MW Unabridged lists two separate verbs, tr. costed; and intr. cost.

Avangi · Answer

One more apology  -   I should have said "simple past tense" instead of "3rd singular" when referring to the form which is commonly identical to the past participle.  I used the simple past in examples because it seems less confusing.

CalifJim · Answer

AvangiI still hear "I can't abide a liar/thief/etc."

Well, OK. You've got me there. But do you hear I have never abode a liar or never abided a liar? Or (more likely) neither because no one says it?

CJ

Avangi · Answer

Is that checkmate?

I may have to exhume someone.

Mr Wordy · Answer

AvangiI still hear "I can't abide a liar/thief/etc."

Also, at least in BrE, "abide by", meaning "conform with", is current, especially in the phrase "abide by the rules". In this sense, the past participle is "abided" AFAIK: "I've abided by the rules". I have never heard "abode" used as a past tense or past participle.

Cool Breeze · Answer

Mr. TomI have shone my shoes. [shined]

I don't use shone in this sense but a large American dictionary says it's possible but rare:

shine, v., shone or, esp. for 9, 10, shined; shin·ing
–v.i.
1. to give forth or glow with light; shed or cast light.
2. to be bright with reflected light; glisten; sparkle.
3. (of light) to appear brightly or strongly, esp. uncomfortably so: Wear dark glasses so the sun won't shine in your eyes.
4. to be or appear unusually animated or bright, as the eyes or face.
5. to appear with brightness or clearness, as feelings.
6. to excel or be conspicuous: to shine in school.
–v.t.
7. to cause to shine.
8. to direct the light of (a lamp, mirror, etc.): Shine the flashlight on the steps so I can see.
9. to put a gloss or polish on; polish (as shoes, silverware, etc.).
10. shine up to, Informal.
a. to attempt to impress (a person), esp. in order to gain benefits for oneself.
b. to become especially attentive to (one of the opposite ***): Men shine up to her like moths to a light.

CB

Two past participles of a same verb

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