The meaning of the expression in a sentence

The fire was beginning to grow, burning toward them rapidly. Realizing the pressing danger, Captain Dodge told his men to drop their heavy tools and run. It seemed all they could do to survive was run to the ridge. While the men were running up the valley, however, Dodge stopped running. He watched the fire burn closer and closer to them with his feet stuck on the ground. It was less than 50 yards away.

I can guess the meaning of the underlined part in the passage above in two ways.

Which understanding is better?

First, Dodge can’t move because he was stuck somewhere on the ground.

Second, Dodge can't move his feet due to the fear or some phychological reasons.

Thank you in advance.