SOS please.....

0wussup everybody... i've got a Grammar exam at 14.00.. I really have no clue..02br
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00In Adverbial Clauses, we have a part called alternate structure, it's kinda changin' the subordinate clause into a new structure.02br
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00This new structure is either : coordinate clause, prepositional phrase, participal phrase, or an absolute construction.02br
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00Prepositional phrases differ, we have prepositional phrase with gerund, prepositional phrase with abstract noun.02br
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00This is one of the exemples provided:02br
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01u00Adverbial Clause of Time:02u02br
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01u00Alternate structure:02u02br
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00After we finished breakfast, we went for a walk.02br
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001/Coordinate clause: We finished breakfast then we went for a walk.02br
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002/Prepositional phrase with gerund: After finishing breakfast, we went for a walk.02br
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003/Participal phrase: Having finished breakfast, we went for a walk.02br
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004/Absolute construction: Breakfast finished, we went for a walk.02br
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00My Qs are: 02br
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00In the participal phrase: Having finshed breakfast, why isn't it simply breakfast finished? We have we added Having?02br
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00If after was not at the same time a subordinate conj and a preposition, how could we find the appropriate preposition?02br
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00a/How is this absolute construction made?02br
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00b/What can we use to refer to time, place,concession, result, cause, and purpose?02br
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00c/"Then" used in the coordinate clause is not among the coordinate conjenctions we learnt (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), how come?02br
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00Thank you very much,, and wish me all hard luck...02br
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00NB. English is my third language, I'm studyin' it at the uni, 2nd year, I can sort myself out when speaking but writing and Grammar 05000...010id12