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Filip_28 Posted 15 years ago
Grammar

Sign by / sign using

Hi,

which one is correct please?
And when to use "by" and "using"?

1) The e-mail is electronically signed by an invalid certificate.
2) The e-mail is electronically signed using an invalid certificate.

Thank you,
Filip
  

Top answer

I think in this case both sentences are correct. But by and using are different in the sense that "by" is a prepositon and "using" a verb.

— Anonymous

  • I think in this case both sentences are correct.
  • But by and using are different in the sense that "by" is a prepositon and "using" a verb.
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3 Answers
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I think in this case both sentences are correct. But by and using are different in the sense that "by" is a prepositon and "using" a verb.
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Filip_281) The e-mail is electronically signed by an invalid certificate.
2) The e-mail is electronically signed using an invalid certificate.
The first is acceptable, though it can't be literally true. A certificate cannot sign. A person signs.

So you can have "by", or "using", or even "by using". Even your second sentence implies "by", thus:
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