in which sentences do I use seem and in which seems?
75% of students seem/s to have failed the test.
A substantial number of students seem/s to have failed the test.
The majority of students seem/s to have failed the test.
Three-quarters of the students seem/s to have failed the test.
In all your examples, you are referring to more than one student, so the plural verb should be used for all of them.
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In all your examples, you are referring to more than one student, so the plural verb should be used for all of them.