Reference

The Europeans got most of the culture they were going to get from their homes and their public schools, lyceés, or gymnasiums, where their souls were incorporated into their specific literary traditions, which in turn expressed, and even founded, their traditions as peoples.

What does 'which' refer to here? The sentence 'their souls were incorporated into their specific literary traditions'? Or the entire sentence in front? Or simply the noun 'their specific literary traditions'?