Hi I'm not 100% sure, but I think your first underlined phrase is adjectival - it tells us about the paintings, as they now stand, and is therefore modifiying a noun It's tempting to think of it as adverbial. he now found how she had hung the paintings, the first on the left wall and the second on the right wall" then it could be adverbial - since it is modifying the action that the woman has performed With regard to the second sentence.. "With birds circling above them, the men moved toward the dangerous animal" is definitely adjectival "With birds circling above, the men moved toward the dangerous animal" is probably absolute - because the birds are now part of the whole scene, rather than attached to one part of the main clause...
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