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A second trend related to the political economic marginalization of swiddeners is that land policies and laws governing access to and control of land both limit areas where swidden agriculture can expand and take away existing swidden fallows. In the past many of these laws were not or could not be enforced. Sometimes local government officials were sympathetic with swiddeners and did not enforce these laws, knowing that no viable alternative land-use practices or alternative income sources existed for them; people had few other livelihood choices.
Swiddening is an agroforestry system; it is neither agriculture nor forestry but a comprehensive landscape management system that operates on a timescale that cannot be captured by a snapshot of a forest or field. Understanding swidden requires a long-term view of the changing agrarian environment. Different types of field crops and tree species occupy a single plot of land, changing over time.