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00Histories and Genealogies02br
00Microwave oven: Can we cook with this?02br
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00Our life is so busy that we do not have enough time to cook, or we have a great excuse to be lazy when it comes to cooking. After the advent of the microwave oven, our approach to cooking has been dramatically changed. With a traditional method that needs fire, one has to be patient and to spend a great deal of time for cooking. On the contrary, a microwave oven makes it possible to cook relatively very quickly. What one needs is only several minutes. Not only is a microwave oven useful in re-heating leftover food, but there is also a myriad of frozen or pre-made food at supermarkets. A cook does not even have to prepare ingredients. He/she will put frozen or pre-made food in a microwave oven and wait only for several minutes, and the dish is done. Compared to a conventional way for cooking, it is an astonishing breakthrough except the fact that you would not like to go to the restaurant.02br
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00This kitchen appliance using microwave radiation to cook or heat was invented by Percy Spencer who was an American engineer and inventor. When Spencer was working in front of an operating magnetron which was used to generate the microwave radio, he noticed that a chocolate bar in his pocket was melted. In contrast to his colleagues not paying attention to this phenomenon, he experimented on popcorn and eggs with microwaves. Spencer and the Raytheon Company at which he worked developed the new cooking process and built the first microwave oven, the Radarange, in 1947. It was so huge and expensive—6 feet tall and 750 pounds—that it did not sell well at all. Technologies improved, and other companies joined in the market; however, it was not until 1980s that microwave ovens were widely used in many countries. 01a01span00[1]02span02a02br
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00It is said that more than 90% of American household have a microwave01a01span00[2]02span02a00, but not many people will consider a microwave oven to be the best way to cook. Since it lacks a function to control precise temperature, it is not easy actually to cook food, especially meats and fish. Neither will it brown food. Lisa Guernsey introduced Kit Keith Yam, a food-science professor at Rutgers University, in her article which appeared in New York Times. Dr. Yam pointed out that microwave ovens were not good at cooking food that needs “different heating levels for different time periods.”01a01span00[3]02span02a00 He also mentioned the use of a microwave oven was limited to warming a cup of coffee. The article was written in 1999. Although it is almost ten years ago, what Dr. Yam complained about the lack of functionality of microwave ovens has not been improved. Still, a microwave oven is not considered to be an ideal way to cook. Dr. Yam and a team of researchers at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, tried to develop this appliance. According to Guernsey’s02br
00article, they succeeded in making a microwave oven that could be connected with  a bar-code scanner and a PC. It read the bar-code of a product and used the computer to get information about proper cooking time and heating levels. Dr. Yam and a team of researchers at Rutgers used popcorn—the first food cooked with microwaves by Percy Spencer—for this project. Dr. Yam said, “the popcorn had a better texture, better taste and fewer unpopped kernels.”01a01span00[4]02span02a01sup^{00 02sup}00 00They knew that they would have to get food companies to add more information about their food in bar-code, and some companies agreed to help them with new microwave ovens.02br
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00However, even after ten years we do not see Dr. Yam’s microwave ovens at all in the market. It is surprising to see that the function of microwave ovens has not been dramatically changed in contrast to other electrical appliances. Not only do Dr. Yam’s microwave ovens fail to appear in our home, but it is questionable whether he and the research team managed to solve the problem he had: cooking function of microwave ovens. It is true that a microwave oven that can read bar-codes and heat food automatically will be convenient. Nevertheless, it will not still be a good way to cook food such as meats and fish as he complained. He made a sarcastic remark, saying that a microwave oven was only for warming a cup of coffee; ironically, his microwave ovens would work perfectly merely at making a cup of coffee and popcorns with exact time offered by the companies.02br
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00While the experiment of developing microwave ovens came to nothing, a new point of view has emerged recently. Rather than changing microwave ovens, many people have started to take advantage of microwaves’ original characteristic. It is well known that cooking food destroys  vitamins that food contains; vitamins which are in vegetables are even more easily destroyed. It is due to heat used while cooking process, but microwave ovens use less heat and time than conventional cooking methods. Studies at Cornell University shed light on the fact. Scientists found that water-soluble vitamins mostly remained in spinach when they used a microwave oven, but spinach lost more than 70 percent of vitamins when it was cooked on a stove. 01a01span00[5]02span02a00 As a number of people who change their diet to vegetables has been rising, these studies drew people’s attention. Since microwaves do not harm nutrients that are easily removed in a traditional cooking process, microwave ovens are now commonly used to cook vegetables. Barbara Kafka who wrote 01i00Microwave Gourmet02i00 said in a New York Times article that she used her microwave the most for vegetables, saying that “Their color is better, their flavor is better, you have no water dripping, and there are studies that show they retain more vitamins.”01a01span00[6]02span02a02br
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00From when microwave ovens were widely used in 1980s, there has not been many changes on this appliance itself: both its way of heating food and its box-shaped look. However, through approximately 30 years various approaches to microwave ovens has existed. Some people tried to develop microwave ovens to function in a more technological way although they could not change the way of its cooking process. The majority of people have considered microwave ovens to be merely a food-heating appliance. These users welcomed this fast and convenient way to warm food. Aiming at them, food companies sold prepared and frozen food; it sold very sell and made people think microwave ovens were unhealthy. However, as interests about nutrients and vitamins increase, a good deal of studies were conducted to reveal the relation between preservation of nutrients of food and microwave ovens. Now microwave ovens are often used to cook healthy food, especially vegetables. Numerous research on microwaves is still being carried out to figure out exactly how microwave ovens affect food and if radiation from microwave ovens is harmful to people. How will the concept of microwave ovens be changed again?  02br
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01span051302span00 0570240hrefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven241hrefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Spencer242hrefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetron243244hrefhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E0DD1F39F933A25755C0A96F958260&scp=1&sq=Intelligent+Microwave+Ovens+Would+%27Zap%27+Food+to+Perfection&st=nyt05236hrefhttp://seattlepi.nwsource.com/health/289113_healthrail19.html247hrefhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/02/dining/02mini.html?pagewanted=1258hrefapplewebdata://4F2A32C5-DFF8-45DD-BFC2-D4B6DF287E3C#_ftnrefc[1]259hrefapplewebdata://4F2A32C5-DFF8-45DD-BFC2-D4B6DF287E3C#_ftnrefc[2]2510hrefapplewebdata://4F2A32C5-DFF8-45DD-BFC2-D4B6DF287E3C#_ftnrefc[3]2511hrefapplewebdata://4F2A32C5-DFF8-45DD-BFC2-D4B6DF287E3C#_ftnrefc[4]2512hrefapplewebdata://4F2A32C5-DFF8-45DD-BFC2-D4B6DF287E3C#_ftnrefc[5]2513hrefapplewebdata://4F2A32C5-DFF8-45DD-BFC2-D4B6DF287E3C#_ftnrefc[6]