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Topic: Discuss the statement: “Children’s screen time should be limited.” Support your claims with appropriate grounds and warrants.

A. Introduction

In today’s digital age, children are under the huge influence of screens due to their ubiquity and dominance. Youngsters are surrounded by information and entertainment on screens, from computers, TVs to video games and smartphones. Although some opponents claim that screen-based activities benefit kids, children’s screen time should be reduced regard to growing physical, developmental and mental concerns.

B. Body paragraphs

I. Paragraph 1: Adverse physiological effect – obesity

1. Background: A study statistically measured that 60% of the 4-year incidence of overweight was attributed to excess television?viewing.??(cited in Robinson, et al. 2017)
2. Counter-argument: Screentime displaces time spent in other physical activities, consequently leading to obesity (Robinson, et al. 2017)?
3. Rebuttal:Digital media?exposure can lead to obesity throughexcess?dietary?energy consumption?which prominently results from food advertising.?a) Grounds

• Children spending more time on screen consume more fast food, energy-dense snacks and drinks as opposed to fruits and vegetables; hence, they receive a higher percentage of energy from fats. (cited in Robinson, et al.?2017)
• It is measured that “in 2014, 2- to 11-year-olds and 12- to 17-year-olds saw an average of 12.8 and 15.2 food, beverage, and restaurant advertisements per day on television, respectively.”?(cited in Robinson,?et al.?2017)
• It is children who watched the most commercial TV or advertisements embedded within?programs?that are highly supposed to poor diets. (Domingues-Montanari, 2017) b) Warrant: These food commercials may impact on children’s preference and food consumption which has high energy and fat. Due to this reason, the obesity proportion among children probably get higher.

II. Paragraph 2: Impact on cognitive development – Language delay

1. Counter-argument:Certain specific TV programs representing superb contents could have constructive effects on the language development of young viewers (Anderson &Pempek, 2005 as cited in Domingues-Montanari, 2017).
2. Rebuttal:

• Leading hectic lifestyles, caretakers can hardly guarantee that their children solely access to child-directed and educational media.

• Furthermore, excessive media exposure leads to the limit on face-to-face conversations => adverse impacts on linguistic ability.
• Direct communication is broadly expected to be a dialogue which activates response from both sides, whereas TV viewing is “unilateral” (Hoff, 2013 as cited in Byeon & Hong, 2015).
• A study in Korean children: Compared to children having daily exposure to media for less than 1 hour, the possibility of language delay escalated 2.7 times in young viewers spending 2-3 hours focusing on the screens and approximately tripled in those watching for more than 3 hours (Domingues-Montanari, 2017). --> Overuse of electronic device could hinder the vocabulary acquisition process in infants. --> Decreased amount of vocabulary leads to poor communication skills as well as presenting and interpreting skills.

III. Paragraph 3: Influence onpsychologicalhealth - Subsequent attention problems

1. Counter-argument:Action-based games facilitate the players’?performance on tasks requiring visual skills?(Dye & Bavelier, 2010)
2. Rebuttal

• Fast-paced content of digital media, portrayed by brief and edited segments and attention-grabbing techniques, tends to reinforce children’s scanning and shifting abilities (cited in?Nikkelen, et al. 2014) --> This type of attention possibly impedes their concentration on complicated tasks requiring?prolonged concentration such as reading or analyzing academic materials.

• A study in American children: Television hours watched per day at both age 1 and age 3 was associated with attention problems at age 7 (Christakis, 2004) --> In long run, early and regular exposure to digital devices could increase the hazard of media addiction, which results in their neglecting school work, reduced classroom engagement and eventually unsatisfactory academic outcomes.?

C. Conclusion

In conclusion, the overuse of electronic tools could exert various deleterious impacts on children. Adiposity is considered as burning health issue resulted from kids’ growing access to digital media. From neurological perspectives, it is proved that excessive daily screen time is likely to increase subsequent attention problems. Additionally, screen time exposure can contribute to high risk of language delay among children. With a view of enhancing children’s well-being and promoting their executive functions, their access to screen-based devices should be decreased.

References

Byeon,?H., & Hong,?S. (2015).?Relationship between Television Viewing and Language Delay in Toddlers: Evidence from a Korea National Cross-Sectional Survey.?PLOS ONE,?10(3),?e0120663.?doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120663

Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., DiGiuseppe, D. L., & McCarty, C. A. (2004). Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children. PEDIATRICS, 113(4), 708-713. doi:10.1542/peds.113.4.708

Domingues-Montanari,?S. (2017).?Clinical and psychological effects of excessive screen time on children.?Journal of?Paediatrics?and Child Health,?53(4),?333-338. doi:10.1111/jpc.13462

Dye, M. W., & Bavelier, D. (2010). Differential development of visual attention skills in school-age children. Vision Research, 50(4), 452-459. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.010

Nikkelen, S. W., Valkenburg, P. M., Huizinga, M., & Bushman, B. J. (2014).?Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis.?Developmental Psychology,?50(9), 2228-2241. doi:10.1037/a0037318

Robinson, T. N., Banda, J. A., Hale, L., Lu, A. S., Fleming-Milici, F., Calvert, S. L., &?Wartella, E. (2017).?Screen Media Exposure and Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S97–S101. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758k