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Discuss traditional and non-traditional security perspectives of Japan and China. Provide examples of mutual reinforcing security dilemmas that increase security concerns for each state and discuss how they could decrease or eliminate those concerns.
According to Veronica L. Taylor: “The only way to navigate this complexity is to move forward with Asian partners in dialogue and in collaborative shaping of regulatory institutions at the national and international level.” I fully agree with the given statement, only if Asian countries would cooperate in a greater level of collaboration, challenge the regional issues together and forge closer ties to benefit a regional integration in general they would achieve peace and stability in the current geopolitics. Moreover, she continues stating that: “Our borders are porous, we are exposed to one another’s risk, and our trade, investment, economic and social development, political stability and regional security depend on mutual cooperation.” (Veronica L. Taylor, 2010) However, as Eddie Walsh said: “Asia lacks a strong sense of community, presenting a formidable challenge to cooperation.” (Eddie Walsh, 2011) Particular problem areas include the difficulties that nasty lingering sense of distrust between two nations, conflict on territorial disputes, military buildup, undersea gas reserves and history related issues that challenges the alliances to go forward. It Thus, “Subsequently, it assesses the proposition that cooperation in areas of non-traditional security is politically easier to realize than cooperation in the area of traditional security, and that such functional cooperation is conducive to the improvement of international relations through the building of political trust”. (Christian Wirth, 2009) Based on research papers I have read, this report examines how non-traditional security may help to further the establishment and reinforcement of the relations between China and Japan. The structure of this paper will be focused on Chinese perception of Traditional and non-traditional security first and after I will discuss the Japanese view point on TS and NTS and this report examines how mutual cooperation might successfully overcome national security threats and reinforce their relations. Also, their concerns about
To begin with, China faces mainly two national security threats: Traditional and non-traditional. “The United States, Japan, and India have significant ideological, historical, or territorial disagreements with China and possess the military, economic, and/or international diplomatic means to go to battle over such differences and they are considered both capable of and willing to endanger all three of China’s components of national security: sovereignty, economic development, and international stature.”(Susan L. Craig, 2007) China acknowledges that it faces various immerging TS and NTS threats: “Many of the nontraditional threats that China faces—terrorism, WMD proliferation, environmental degradation, resource dependency, and even social disparities” (Susan L. Craig, 2007)
Chinese leaders are indeed concerned about NTS issues and they are active at addressing these issues and implementing policies. However, Chinese government is not able to prioritize its internal issues and make serious reforms in that sector. “China’s nontraditional threats are more menacing than traditional ones because they require China’s leadership not only to look outward in efforts to foster cooperation, but also to look inward and make serious internal reforms as well”
Naturally, for Japan having close allies within its region is obviously essential and being an active member. “Japanese Prime Minister mentioned that they are not intended to create a new institution, but to work with existing institutions. ASEAN shares this position.” Also I found out that former prime minister suggested new sectors for cooperation of Asian countries.” He proposed that we work together to achieve a ‘green Asia‘and to tackle climate change. He generously offered to make available to other Asian countries Japan’s energy-saving technologies, smart grid power systems, water purification technologies and other environmentally friendly technologies.” (Tommy Koh,2010) Especially, if we consider their current foreign relations, Sino-Japanese collaboration on NTS related issues may be the opportunity to stabilize their bonds. “The main argument is that non-traditional security threats create imperatives for states and political communities to work together in order to solve the problems affecting their stability. Moreover, it is argued that cooperation in areas of non-traditional security in functional issues contributes to the building of political trust and therefore leads to enhanced international security-political cooperation.” (ChristianWirth,2009) From the examination of various data I came to conclusion that on NTS related issues they will have opportunities to improve their bilateral relations. “Environmental cooperation is clearly more technical in nature and is purported, for the reasons outlined above, to offer better opportunities for cooperation between these two nations than issues of traditional security.” (ChristianWirth,2009) Particularly, in order to reach reconciliation for both nations increasing of bilateral and multilateral forums might help to establish sustainable cooperation. “Academic Nick Bisley notes that numerous multilateral and bilateral forums already exist for security cooperation, ‘designed to build trust, foster regional confidence and improve information transfer’, they include the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and East Asia Summit (EAS), as well as Track II security processes. Bilateral alliances, agreements, security dialogues, and mechanisms also provide an equally, if not more, effective means for cooperation on NTS issues.”(Eddie Walsh, 2011)
Next, I want to elaborate more on security dilemma that Sino-Japanese relations are facing.
Some analysts claim it has long been in Tokyo's interests to play up the China "threat". But objectively speaking, the threat is real, and it becomes tangibly more worrying by the day. “There has been a growing distrust among the Chinese leadership, public, and analysts of Japan, which has meant that Japan has become China’s primary security concern since the end of the Cold War (Jian 2007, 129). On the other hand, Japan has also become wary towards China in terms of military security; for example, China’s military transparency and the Taiwan Strait issues are mentioned in the so-called “2+2” Joint Statement of the United States and Japan, in February 2005 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2005); this shows that China’s security behavior is one of Japan’s main concerns.” Indeed, both sides are concerned about aggressive intentions that might take On one hand, managing their security relations should be cautiously managed, as they play essential role in managing stability in Northeast Asia. By doing so, the current security relations can be interpreted as “security dilemma”
China is increasing its army size and then Japan willing to normalize its military. If we look at this it is generally a reaction to another country showing hard power.
Arm race is particularly typical form of security-dilemma and this is what happens when security-dilemma gets out of control and now we have an arm race between two states. “China's defense spending has seen double-digit growth each year since 1989.” “Abe says it is past time for Japan to drop its pacifist laws, recognize the many threats to its security, and stand up boldly for its interests and values. To this end he has increased defense spending, created a new national security council, strengthened alliances with countries such as the Philippines (which has its own territorial dispute with China), and plans to buy advanced new US weaponry.” I believe the because the mood of distrust between neighbors, the magnitude and speed of the rise in defense spending will cause some instability and possibly stimulate increase in region military spending elsewhere. According to Jesse Karotkin: “The strategic completion or security dilemma will affect the whole regions defense policies. It will push these regions to invest resources in order to enhance their military capability and counter-force” (Ntdtv.com, 2014)
It is still disappointing that we still have not achieved a world void of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. I wish for the prompt eradication of said weapons and to this end, I would suggest calling on the United Nations to further implement the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
According to Minister of Defense: “One of the initiatives to deal with these issues is the development of an international framework for arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation, and Japan is playing an active role in this effort.” Taking into account both the humanitarian perspective and security needs, Japan has joined various conventions on the regulation of conventional weapons, including the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)” (Ministry of Defense 2013) I assume Japan will continue to make an active contribution to the negotiations relating to frameworks for arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation in regard to weapons of mass destruction in a way of delivering associated technologies and materials in the future.
Moreover, I believe that arms control is very effective instrument for dealing with security-dilemma and it can obviously reduce or prevent arm races. They would really achieve reducing the instability and hostility between each other. Also, they will save financial resources presumably as arm races are expensive. Also, I suggest ratifying more International arms control treaties within the Northeast Asia which can build trust and promote the peaceful resolution of conflict through arms control.