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None of companies wants to have high accident. Even some of them have zero accident targets. Therefore every company will do their best to be prevented from accident causation to achieve high Occupational Health and Safety.
Weigman, Thaden, and Gibbons (2007) mentioned that based on many historians and scientists (e.g., Heinrich 1950; Gordon et al. 1996; Wilpert 2000) there are some theories of accident causations. For Example in Weigman, Thaden, and Gibbons (2007), Wiegmann and Shappell (2001) state that there is first stage of accident causation reference, where cause of accident often referred to as the technical period, when there were rapid development of new mechanical system. Therefore, mechanical malfunction is often stated as the cause of accidents. The second stage, in Weigman, Thaden, dan Gibbons (2007), Rochlin and Von Meier (1994) and Coquelle, Cura, and Fourest (1995) mentioned that human error was often stated as the cause of accidents, therefore this stage was known as human error period. In Weigman, Thaden, and Gibbons (2007), Gordon et al. (1996) and Wilpert (2000) stated that in the third stage, the cause of accidents were often cited as negative impact of poor ergonomic and system design. Therefore that stage often viewed as sociotechnical period. The recent stage (often stated as safety culture period) is the stage when the operators are recognized performing their task in a coordination within particular organization culture. Gordon et al. (1996) and Wilpert (2000) in Weigman, Thaden, and Gibbons (2007). Clark (2000) in Bergh (2011) also stated that either safety culture or safety climate attract across a broad number of industries and sectors today.
Safety culture period itself started when Chernobyl accidents happened. Smith and Wadsworth (2009) stated that many industries has started in considering safety culture as accidents causation since the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986. In addition, there are also many other high profile industrial accidents which were considered as the implication of poor safety culture (e.g space shuttle Columbia4 and the Ladbroke Grove5 and Clapham Junction7 rail crashes.) Therefore, safety culture has become the focus of so many large scale accident investigation, even though there is still no agreement about its definition.
Every organization has safety culture in different levels (Smith and Wadsworth, 2009). In addition EU-OSHA (2011) mentioned that
“Sound OSH management, incorporated into an organisation’s overall management and business, and addressing regulatory, technical/engineering, organisational, and managerial aspects, is critical to ensure OSH excellence (EU-OSHA, 2010). However, OSH entails more than just focusing on formal issues. As risk prevention and OSH is about people - or to put it in a more formal way, about investing in and protecting the human capital of an organisation - attention should also be paid to behavioural aspects, and social and cultural processes, in order to attain safer and healthier working environments and better general organisational performance.” (p. 9)
All the explanation above states that safety culture is a concept which can’t be neglected by each industries and organization all over the world.
The importance of safety culture concept in previous paragraph also supported by the advantages of positive or good safety culture. It is generally accepted that strong safety culture become the effective prevention of accidents (Smith and Wadworth, 2009). In addition, Bergh (2011) stated good safety culture and safety climate help in achieving safe workplace. Furthermore, Good safety culture and safety climate will also contribute in meeting business goal (Safety Management Guidence, 2000) in Bergh (2011).
Even though the importance of safety culture aspect can’t be denied, this aspect has only a little consideration in developing or third world country, included Indonesia. As a developing country, Indonesia try to improve its industries productivity to face global competition with broad industries around the world. Indonesian industries have to consider all of the important factor to be berdaya saing tinggi Industries, included Occupational Health and safety. Therefore, Indonesian Industries have also considered their safety culture. Unfortunately, safety culture concept has only a little consideration from Indonesian industry. This fact can be proven by only a few literature which is explained about safety culture in Indonesian Industries found. Therefore, there is still high need of safet culture improvement,in Indonesian industry, especially in high risk injuries Industries which face high probability in having accidents as well as injuries.
Based on the previous paragraphs, safety culture is important and need to be improved to achieve the goal of a bussines. Therefore, there is some steps needed to improve safety culture itself. Based on AIChE, (2011) Bergh (2011) mentioned :
“In order to improve the level of safety culture and safety climate it is important to: (AIChE)
1. determine the current level of safety culture and safety climate.
2. decide what level of safety culture and safety climate that is wanted.
3. create a plan to achieve the safety culture and safety climate that is wanted.” (p.1)