Past perfect use
Please explain the use of past perfect in the following "The technique of undermining democracy abroad is to generate doubt where there had been certainty. If democratic procedures start to seem shambolic, then democratic ideas will seem questionable as well. And so America would become more like Russia, which is the general idea. If Mr. Trump wins, Russia wins. But if Mr. Trump loses and people doubt the outcome, Russia also wins" the link https://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/09/21/opinion/how-a-russian-fascist-is-meddling-in-americas-election.html?referer=https://www.google.ru/search?newwindow=1&hl=ru-RU&ei=D7y9WM60J4T9swGy6r7oCg&q=timothy+snyder+facist&oq=timothy+snyder+facist&gs_l=mobile-gws-serp.3..0i19k1j0i13i30i19k1j0i8i13i10i30i19k1.6619.11894.0.12258.9.8.1.0.0.0.546.1823.0j4j1j1j0j1.7.0....0...1c.1.64.mobile-gws-serp..1.7.1727...0j0i67k1j0i22i30i19k1j33i21k1.CvgZ9u310M8
Top answer
" It suggests that these places are vulnerable - there is no longer absolute certainty there, and they are susceptible to questioning and doubt.
- " It suggests that these places are vulnerable - there is no longer absolute certainty there, and they are susceptible to questioning and doubt.
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"The technique of undermining democracy abroad is to generate doubt where there had been certainty."
It suggests that these places are vulnerable - there is no longer absolute certainty there, and they are susceptible to questioning and doubt.
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