only is an adverb modifying the adjective short . only a short time = not a long time Note that the adverbs only and not are placed before the determiner. Not *an only short time or *a not long time .
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What part of speech is only in each sentence and how does the position of only change the meaning?
Only he said that he loved linguistics.
He only said that he loved linguistics.
He said only that he loved linguistics.
He said that only he loved linguistics.
He said that he loved linguistics only
Only in the case mentioned above, modifies the phrase "a short time",, and not the word "a".