1-1 I know that 'by' means 'before or at a particular time', but then how can future form 'will' be used?
1. He'll be home by now
2-1 I've lived at home up till now.
2-2 Up to now he's been very quiet.
2-3 Until now I have always lived alone.
3. Until recently they were living in York.
(All are example sentences from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary)
1-3 Similarly, What is the difference between 'be back' and 'get back'?
('I didn't get home until two in the morning!')
('He was glad to be home again.')
2-1 What does mean 'up until'?
('He'll be back on Monday.')
('He got back in the car and resumed driving')
1-1 His home is not 'here'. It could also be 'he should be home by now'. 1-2 (3) very little difference 2-1 from a time in the past to a specific time (can be any time frame) 2-2 no difference 3 until recently = the time is over He recently moved to Paris (he's now living there) He moved to Paris; until recently he lived in Chicago 3-1 I think any past tense works.
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