Need very urgent

Hi guys,
I am asking a lot, but I have a dead line, and I was wondering if you could please read through this, and check it for English fluency in words and structure, and please give me your comments to correct them...

Thank you..

Back in the 1980's PC's and Mainframes began to dominate the world, but today, smart phones and tablets have changed the world. The innovation in technologies leads to creating new devices and development in regular devices. By advancements in electronics electronic parts become smaller, faster, more economic, and even it is possible now that we manufacture gyroscopes, accelerometer, and many other mechanical parts in the size of electronic chips, which they are called Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems or MEMS. These devices enabled us to manufacture devices with various sensors which could acquire data from the environment, and thank to faster processors present better analysis, and more sophisticated functions. For instance, some of them are able to connect to air quality sensors or they can even monitor one's sleep, so they wake up the person in a right sleep phase. Needless to say, they are designed to do a certain job, not like a personal computer, but to interact with other things, and function autonomously.

Cameras and microphones are classic sensors to get information from an environment, however, the data are usually taken to a distance station to analyze. Nowadays, we can produce varieties of modules which usually contain a processer unit, a program, and more importantly a set of sensors to collect data from the environment or an object, and the analysis on the data could be performed both locally and remotely. These module could be part of a bigger system, like adding to a car, as an option, or be placed individually, like a motion detector. There is no need to say that, these modules helps humans and machine to function faster and more efficient; therefore, naturally, they widely use in almost everywhere. “Ubiquitous Sensors” is the name associated with the concept of understanding the environment electronically, and widely with sets of sensors; As for analyzing data, there is “Ubiquitous Computing”, also known as ubicomp, which is an expression to address analyzing, and working toward the acquired data locally, remotely, or both. First off, we will explain how widely Ubiquitous Sensors are used, and how they affected or will affect human life, and then we focus on ubicomp, and how information technology would help to process the acquired data by Ubiquitous Sensors.

It might be hard for people to recognize the presence of ubiquitous sensors on their daily lives. It crawls into every aspects of our lives and we see them as normal while it was not twenty years ago. Then again, if this technology would be subtracted from their lives, the absence is sensed clearly; as Marcia Riley said: "Ubiquitous computing, or calm technology, is a paradigm shift where technology becomes virtually invisible in our lives". Most phones have a GPS signal receivers or accelerometers, and you can share your location, and measure the distance you have traveled, and even you can count the steps you took. Now, home scales, can upload your weight to a website, and review your progress in your smartphone. [1] These are humble preview of what ubiquitous sensors brought to us. But they can perform even more critical rule in our lives. Medical professionals believe that one of the best ways to detect emerging medical conditions before they become critical is to look for changes in the activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs (IADLs) [2], and enhanced ADLs (EADLs) [3]. Many devices those monitor by human, like microphones or cameras, can be invasive, and violate one’s privacy. However, a medical 24/7 care system, which would not violate one’s privacy, could be done by putting sensors to monitor one’s activity is more tolerable. With this information, a doctor can analyze the pattern, or be alerted by a program designed to recognize breaking a regular pattern, when for instance the person spends more time than usual in his bed, a call can be made and ask him if there is any problem. [4]

In the weather forecasting, and natural disaster alerts, since everything happens in real time, Ubiquitous Sensor Networks or USN have escalated our ability to be aware of climate change, and response appropriately. An example of that is Small stations, those run on battery and solar energy, and communicate with GPRS or any other wireless network [5]. Another significant application of USN is in military technologies. Nowadays, surveillance drones with satellite feeds replace on-field explore operations. The ARGUS-IS, or the Autonomous Real-Time Ground Ubiquitous Surveillance Imaging System, is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) project. ARGUS is a form of Wide Area Persistent Surveillance that allows for one camera to provide such detailed video that users can collect "pattern-of-life" data and track individual people inside the footage anywhere within the field of regard. This is accomplished by utilizing air assets (manned aircraft, drones, blimps, aerostats) to persistently loiter and record video of an area 36 square miles in diameter with enough detail to track individual pedestrians, vehicles or other objects of interest as long as the air asset remains circling above [6][7][8]. Low-Cost UAV Swarming Technology (LOCUST) program is another example of ubiquitous sensors in action, and it includes a tube-based launcher that can send UAVs into the air in rapid succession. The breakthrough technology then utilizes information-sharing between the UAVs, enabling autonomous collaborative behavior in either defensive or offensive missions [9].

In all above cases, we have sensors, which receive physical signals and transform them into digital data, and we have functioning units that by the collected data can perform sets of actions, share them with other machines, or prepare reports. The most common features among ubiquitous devices are: they are mobile, and in USNs, resources are limited. The mobility, extent of coverage, and availability of these devices are excellent features to output valuable and extensive amount of data, but it has its own limitations:

1. Limited power source
2. Limited calculation speed
3. Cost and bandwidth of wireless connections to transfer raw or processed data
4. Limited storage
5. Privacy and security of data
6. Qualification and Validation of data

There are two approaches to push back these limitations: we can work on newer technologies to manufacture and implement more sophisticated devices and infrastructure, or we can focus on technologies to deal with the collected information or informatics. The former approach can be costly and take a long time to replace current technologies, so we focus on the latter. Priority Management and using idle times of system is one way to reduce the calculation time, and lowering power source consumption by not overloading the processor unit [10]. Using idle times can be also used for lowering energy consumption in transferring data for further processes or storing on a remote storage [11]; prioritizing data is also can be used to send sensitive data for realtime processing, and queuing less sensitive data to a time when, for example the device has access to Wi-Fi connection [12]. One of the most common aspects in ubicomp is sharing data with other devices. The form of connection can be either a P2P connection or a Server-Client connection. In both of them privacy is a concern, however, new doors would be open, like validation of data base on other devices’ data like in climate change monitoring, or using remote process units to analyze local data. Parallel Processing is one way to analyze loads of data collected from distributed clients, and return the processed data or store them for further analysis. However, by the scale of evergrowing data, smarter algorithms are needed [13]. P2P Resource Sharing Algorithms are presenting new methods and algorithms to distribute analysis to remote destinations, and along with that keeping data privacy, with methods like incomplete data or anonymity in identity [14] [15] [16]; even new trust models like Web Of Trust are under development. [17]

All in all, ubiquitous sensors brought us to new era to use machines to cover our flaws, interact faster with each other, and perform regular jobs with new abilities. Everything, from refrigerators those can inform the owner to buy supplies to large scale operations like military or climate change, now rely on machines those connect to each other autonomously. That’s why it is also called Internet of Things. Surely, when we speak of information on a network, no more field is more related than information technology, and since the accumulation of data is exceeding the available capacities, the scientist in this field is working on developing new algorithms, and methods to provide the hunger of the world to new more resources [18].