MLA paper or something else?

Hello everyone, I'm having a rough time doing my MLA paper. Can somebody just look at this and tell me what they think. Also, I found all this information at a database and I am trying to figure out how to list the database in my works cited. The teacher said put the date we viewed it, but I can't find out where I put the date I viewed it, when there's the date the article was written. I'm trying to make it persuasive toward vasectomy compared to other methods of not becoming pregnaunt. Thanks everyone.

Vasectomy has proved to be a safe, efficient and economical technique for permanent

sterilization. Although no deaths have been attributed to vasectomy in the United States, several

complications may occur with this procedure. The family physician who performs vasectomies

should be aware of these complications.

Although no major long-term effects have been documented, there has been concern about

the formation of antibodies against different components of the sperm and sperm nuclear protein in

vasectomized patients. At least 15 such antibodies have been identified. These antibodies develop in

40 to 60 percent of vasectomy patients, beginning as soon as 10 to 12 days after surgery.

One explanation for the formation of antisperm antibodies relates to the fact that sperm are

not present during the embryonic stage when the immune system is developing, but appear later

during puberty. Because of this, stagnated sperm are subsequently recognized by the body as

foreign material. According to this theory, the antisperm antibodies could react with other body

tissue and could conceivably cause autoimmune disease (e.g., collagen vascular disease, diabetes,

glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis).

It is estimated that two of every 1,000 vasectomy patients in the United States will request

vasovasostomy. Some authors have suggested that if the interval between vasectomy and the request

for reversal is less than two years, the vasectomy should not have been performed. Some of the

reasons for requesting reversal include the death of the wife or divorce; an improved economic

situation; the desire to overcome supposed psychologic ill effects of vasectomy, and postoperative

pain secondary to epididymal congestion.

The amount of discomfort experienced after vasectomy often depends on the patient's general

tolerance for pain. In 476 consecutive patients, postoperative pain was described as nonexistent in

10, discomfort only in 335, slight pain in 103 and moderate pain in 27. Only one patient described

the pain as severe. Most patients are able to return to work in one to two days if their job does not

involve lifting. Pain occasionally occurs during the first attempts at sexual intercourse, but rarely

persists thereafter.

Postoperative abscesses are rare, but wound infections are not uncommon. Mild superficial

redness and oozing can be expected if absorbable skin sutures are used. A deep infection or abscess

should be cultured and treated with heat and antibiotics. Most infections heal readily and pose no

major complications, although scrotal gangrene has been reported. This rare condition requires

vigorous, early and aggressive treatment.

After the area is washed using sterile technique, local anesthesia is injected into the scrotal

skin. A 1-cm incision is made, and the vas deferens is isolated. Depending on the techniqued used,

the vas may then be clamped, excised (1 cm), cauterized, ligated and the distal end isolated with a

purasestring suture. Any bleeding is controlled. Each vas can be isolated through a separate

incision, or a single incision may be used for both. The incision is closed with absorbable sutures.

This procedure generally takes 30 minutes.(Pfenninger)

The Pill is the most popular type of birth control. There are many different brands of the Pill

and they come in packs of 21 or 28 pills. One pill is taken every day. The first 21 pills have a

combination of synthetic estrogen and progesterone hormones. The Pill stops ovulation, preventing

the ovaries from releasing eggs. The Pill also thickens cervical mucus, making it for sperm to enter

the uterus. The hormones in the Pill prevent fertilization. The last seven pills of the twenty eight

day pack have no hormones and are called "spacer pills." The Pill is 92-99.7% effective as birth

control.(http://www.fwhc.org/birth-control/thepill.htm)

The birth control pill is nearly 100 percent effective when taken as directed, and is most

often used by women 15 to 24 years old. Twenty-two percent of married women who want to avoid

pregnancy use the pill, as do 48 percent of unmarried women.

The pill suppresses ovulation by making cervical mucus, at the entrance to the uterus,

inhospitable to sperm and by altering the uterine lining so that even if eggs are fertilized they do not

implant. The pill's actual failure rate is 1 to 5 percent, largely because women sometimes forget to

take it.

Advantages: The pill is highly effective and does not require couples to think of

contraception at the time of intercourse. In addition, the pill reduces by 10 to 60 percent the chance

that a woman will develop ovarian cancer, a deadly but rare cancer. It also reduces by 20 to 60

percent the chance that a woman will develop a cancer of the lining of the uterus, a fairly rare, but

treatable, cancer. Some women find that it reduces menstrual cramps.

Disadvantages: The most established danger of birth control pills are that they nearly triple

the chance that a woman will have a heart attack or stroke, but these are very uncommon in women

of childbearing age. Because smoking also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, women

older than 35 who smoke are advised not to take birth control pills.

Some new studies have linked the pill to an increased risk of breast cancer in women

younger than 45. The studies found that women who take the pill when they are teen-agers or in

their 20's and continue taking it for at least several years could at least double their risk of breast

cancer, which is rare in women before 50.

But previous studies had not found such a risk and experts said the new studies were

inconclusive. It is not known whether women who took the pill when they were young will have an

increased risk of developing breast cancer after menopause, when it is far more common, but many

experts believe this is possible.

Researchers also want to learn whether newer pills, which have lower doses of the sex

hormones estrogen and progesterone than those used previously, are as risky. Some breast cancer

experts are advising women to consider using other contraceptives if they are young or have a

family history of breast cancer and to avoid using the pill for more than a few years.

Some pills rely on progesterone only, and these may be safer than the more common pills

with estrogen. But they have been studied less for long-term side effects, have more immediate side

effects and are less effective than pills with estrogen. The pregnancy rate with these minipills is 3

to 10 percent, the pills can lead to ectopic pregnancies, a potentially life-threatening condition in

which the fertilized egg starts to grow in a woman's fallopian tube, and the pills can cause menstrual

irregularities, the Guttmacher Institute said. Planned Parenthood recommends that these pills be

used only by women who are breastfeeding, when women are less likely to ovulate and so less

likely to become pregnant.(Kolata).

An IUD is a small flexible plastic device lying inconspicuously inside a woman's uterus,

preventing its host from getting pregnant for up to 10 years. The IUD, which is inserted into a

woman's uterus by a qualified health provider, works by causing an inflammatory reaction in the

lining of the uterus. This interferes with the migration of the egg and sperm.

Copper, which is contained in some IUDs, enhances the inflammatory response. Copper is

also lethal to sperm cells. The few sperm cells that manage to reach the egg are unlikely able to

fertilize it. IUD is usually inserted during the first days of menstrual bleeding, when the opening of

the uterus is widest, making it easier to insert the device. Pain akin to menstrual cramps may be felt

during and after insertion, but the discomfort disappears in time. IUDs in the United States contain

either copper or hormones. The doctor determines the right type for each woman. When placed

properly, IUDs are as safe as sterilization and contraceptive pills. They are very convenient for

people who tend to forget to take oral contraceptives daily.(Salazar)

Women who used the once-a-week birth control patch, Ortho Evra (norelgestromin/ethinyl

estradiol transdermal system), were more likely to use their medication as directed than women who

took a birth control pill, according to a study published in Contraception.

"It's not always easy, but it is very important for women using any birth control pill to take

it at the same time every day to prevent unplanned pregnancy," said Vanessa Cullins, MD. "What's

exciting is that this study shows that the birth control patch is convenient and simple to use, and

may be a better birth control option for women."

Oral birth control pills must be taken consistently and correctly to be effective, however

an estimated 15% of oral birth control users say it is difficult to do so with the Pill. Inconsistent or

incorrect use, i.e., missing one or more pills per cycle, can increase the risk of unplanned pregnancy

and lead to abnormal bleeding, which is the leading cause of unscheduled physician

visits.(NewsRx.com)

Depo-Provera, an injected synthetic hormone called progestin that is supposed to prevent

pregnancy for three months at a time, has sparked sharp debate. The drug - like the birth-control

pill - prevents ovulation of a mature egg and will usually shut a woman's menstrual cycle after

repeated use, but also changes a woman's cervix, uterine lining and fallopian tubes in such a way

they, too, help prevent pregnancy. The most frequently reported side effects of the drug, which

affect 55 to 90 per cent of women, include irregular menstrual bleeding, weight gain and a delayed

restart of the menstrual cycle once the drug is discontinued. But along with potential side effects,

others of which are shared with other contraceptives, comes the convenience and safety of a one-

shot contraceptive that is extremely reliable - 99.7 per cent effective - in protecting against unwanted

pregnancy.(Cornacchia)

heres my works cited page:


Works Cited

Cornacchia, Cheryl. "Depo-Provera rockets to top of drug charts: Young women risking side effects

for sake of freedom, health organizations warn." The Gazette February 28, 2004 Saturday Final

Edition: A3.

Hudepohl, Dana. "Is it Hip to Snip?" (Febrauary 8, 2005).

Kolata, Gina. "HEALTH: Birth Control; For Those Concerned With Pill's Risk, a Look at the

Choices." Thursday Late City Final Edition (January 12, 1989): Section B; 10, Column 1;

National desk.

Pfenninger, John L. "Complications of Vasectomy." First and second articles on vasectomy

(November, 1984): 111-115

"The Pill-Oral Contraceptive." Feminist Women's Health Center. July 13, 2005.

<http://www.fwhc.org/birth-control/thepill.htm>;.

NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net. "CONTRACEPTIVE: Study backs up effectiveness of weekly

contraceptive patch." EXPANDED REPORTING (March 28, 2004): 76.

Salazar, Tessa R. "FAST FACTS ON IUD." Philippine Daily Inquirer Section 8 (July 16, 2005)