Means of representation

1. Does "means of representation" in the following context mean "tool of representation" or "method of representation"?

2. Does "spectacle" below mean "show" or "landscape"?

Context:

The relationship between object, viewer and surface/screen in this scenario is abstracted – boiled down to a diagram in Lacan that is reproduced by Foster. The model it provides enables Foster to demonstrate the difference between the more conventional forms of realism used in most Pop Art and the traumatic realism that he identifies in the work of Andy Warhol. While the surface/screen in more conventional forms of realism is rendered as a cohesive projection of the real, it is undermined or punctured in traumatic realism, returning the viewer to the real rather than veiling or filtering it. In Warhol’s case, for instance, Foster argues that this occurs not only through the shocks delivered by the subject matter which reveal ‘moments when the spectacle cracks’ but also through the repetition of the image and the famous mistakes in the screenprinting processes, all of which act as telltale cracks in the means of representation.

Foster’s category of traumatic realism can readily be seen to apply to examples in contemporary art and advertising, like the Benetton AIDS advertisement and Marcus Harvey’s Myra. Both of these works seem eminently classifiable in this way as both may be said to form cracks in the spectacle of media representation and both produce disruptions through the means of representation (Art and Advertising by Joan Gibbons).