Does the highlighted text mean:
1. was a new and crucial literature that enabled James Joyce to incorporate mass, modern culture influences into language and thought (in his works).
or
2. was such a new and crucial literature so that James Joyce describes it as "mass, modern culture’s inroads into language and thought".
Context:
For Jennifer Wicke, author of Advertising Fictions: Literature Advertisement and Social Readings (1988), advertising in the early twentieth century was a ‘new and crucial literature’ that enabled James Joyce to register ‘mass, modern culture’s inroads into language and thought’.
red apple 1. was a new and crucial literature that enabled James Joyce to incorporate mass, modern culture influences into language and thought (in his works). That.
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red apple1. was a new and crucial literature that enabled James Joyce to incorporate mass, modern culture influences into language and thought (in his works).
That.