He lost his temper in India, and he also lost his digestion in India. "lose one's temper" is a set phrase meaning to become angry. "lost his digestion" means, I would guess, that he developed some kind of digestive disorder.
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vsureshthe underlined expressionIt's literally 'lost his temper and lost his digestion' as explained above by GPY.
Lost his temper would mean his aggressive nature was lost. Usually colonel' s are someone who are supposed to bw strict and always ferocious. Now that he is retired, he has bid his temper good bye.
And his digestion in India means, usually Indian food is extremely spicy. It may have meant, eating food from there caused him some digestion problem or of that sort.
Hope this helped !