"1- According to the passage, instructional apprenticeship.............................
"Apprenticeship traces its origin in the West to medieval Europe, when two distinct types of apprenticeship coexisted side by side. The first was a predominately instructional form. Practiced by prosperous merchants, professionals, and artisans, it placed sons in the households of prominent counterparts. Since the guild oversight and the parents protected the interests of the young, these apprenticeships generally resulted in genuine training. They were especially useful to large families, which sought to diversify the activities of their sons. Good training mattered, for it diminished guild exposure to competition from less skilled producers. At the opposite end of the social spectrum, apprenticeship took a predominately economic form. Modest artisans and small landholders apprenticed out their children primarily for financial reasons. These groups generally lacked the capacity, due to limited land or capital, to employ the labour of all their children productively. Thus, they contracted out their surplus labor to families without children or with grown ones. In turn, apprentices provided masters with needed labour at a marginal cost. In this context, however, training was a by-product of work, not the primary object of the exchange.
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