In a rather confused state of mind

bepleasedHello,
In 'He seems to be in a rather confused state of mind.', why not use confusing instead of confused? Because the meanings are different. "confusing" means 'makes others confused'.

Hello canadian45,Oh, I wish I could grasp your sugestion.a confused state of mind-------means in a state of mind he did confuse something; confused means did confuse;It is even with "learned man"------means man did learn a lot of knowledge The formations of "learned man" and "educated man" are different with each other. But they end in the same meaning, in spite of their different paths.

bepleasedwhy not use confusing instead of confused?

I think you like metaphoric ways of looking at things. It's a little like this. The direction is different.

ed - coming in from the outside to the inside <<<<<
ing - going out from the inside to the outside >>>>>

confused - Something h

Thanks a lot CJ.Though your elabrations have me finally puzzle out some byzantines, yet still some puzzle.How apply to "learned man" / "advanced study" / "learned works" / "educated man" / "dinning car" to form a story as your instruction?I think you may clear up my thought and I will be extremely grateful.

In your elightening suggestions, I begine to put the following phrases into stories...............( 1 ) learned man ------the man having been given a lot of learned knowledge ...................( 2 ) educated man -----the man having been given an eduaction

( 3 ) enlightened opinions ------opinions made by an enlightening man....................( 4 ) He is justified in asking for her resignation, ------ Asking for her resignation has him justified. This sentence must be seen in logic thoughts. ...............He is justified that is a judgment about his behavior, and that it is judged by the event of asking for her resignation.