Welcome to the Forums! As for your sentence, I think any of the words would fit, but without more information about the situation, it is difficult to tell. Of course, you would use a before 'test' or 'check' and an before 'exam'.
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dzdqq123However I think there may be some differences among them.The word used here tries to express preparation or something else.No, I don't see that difference. I think you are mistaken.
dzdqq123Can I take it that 'test' is used more often than 'exam'?That is likely, yes. Check-ups are also common before major surgery.
AlpheccaStarsI remember when I was in the hospital for tests before surgery. (Most likely, because many surgical procedures require preparatory tests.)I , a speaker of BrE, would use 'test(s)' in exactly the same way. I would not use 'check-up' for that.
dzdqq123Thanks for all of you!I just start to get it.Don't confuse school terms with medical terms. The meanings are different. This is for the American school system: