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Abstract
The causes of adolescent substance use are influenced by several factors, one of which
is strategic networking that plays a role. Tobacco and alcohol represent the two most significant drug threats to adolescents. More than $25 billion per year is spent on advertising for tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs, and such advertising has been shown to be effective (McVay 24). Digital media are increasingly being used to advertise drugs. In addition, exposure to PG-13 and R-rated movies at an early age may be a major factor in the onset of adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a ban on all tobacco advertising in all media, limitations on alcohol advertising, avoiding exposure of young children to substance-related (tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, illegal drugs) content on television and in PG-13 and R-rated movies (Strasburger 48) it also incorporates the topic of advertising and media into all substance abuse prevention programs, and applying media education programs in the
classroom.

Keywords: Adolescence,
Substance use, Alcohol, Tobacco, Cigarettes, Illicit drugs, Movies, TV, Internet.

Effects of Media
Today, most teens have their own TV with cable, VCR/DVD and CD players, and interactive video games all in the privacy of their own rooms 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Those who do not have these items almost always have friends who do. Most have their own computers and connection to the internet.
They have access to virtually any kind of violent, sexual content and anything else one could imagine. Interactive media also creates a new dimension of potential harm as users participate and become emotionally involved in activities that are violent, erotic, or even both. Most teens have signed onto social networking sites (e.g. Myspace, Facebook). Teenagers also see considerable alcohol and drug content in online videos and on social networking sites, in which one study
revealed that 40% of profiles referenced substance abuse (Wiley 104). In addition to regular communication with friends and relatives, they may have electronic conversations with persons whose identities are completely unknown and whose motives may include sexual solicitation. Messages related to sex, drugs, and violence surround us at all times in most environments at various levels of explicitness and Intensity. Each individual child, adolescent, and adult will interpret each
message in the setting of his or her upbringing, family environment, religion, culture, and many other influences. The same message may have harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects on different people and different effects on the same person under different circumstances. It may be impossible to protect children and adolescents from exposure to all media messages that adults consider inappropriate or potentially harmful. However, it is possible to help children and adolescents learn how to distinguish messages that are designed to sell products, messages that are products in themselves, and messages that are informative or entertaining. It is possible to guide children and adolescents to media messages that encourage safety and good health and away from messages that promote unhealthy or high risk behaviors (Epps 101). Also in media music lyrics have become more explicit in their references to drugs, sex, and violence over the years. A content analysis
of the top ten CDs performed by the National Institute on Media in 1999 revealed that each of these CDs included at least one song with sexual content (Peterson 381).Forty-two percent of the songs on these CDs contained very explicit sexual content. Lyrics of some music genres, such as rock, heavy metal, rap, and new emerging genres such as reggae, have been found to revolve around topics such as sexual promiscuity, death, homicide, suicide, and substance abuse. Most recently, some rap music has been considered by the presence of explicit sexual language in its lyrics as well as messages of violence, racism, homophobia, and hatred toward women. Drug, tobacco, and alcohol use also tend to be glorified in these songs.

Substance Abuse Drugs
Teenagers abuse a variety of drugs, both legal and illegal. Legally available drugs include alcohol, prescribed medications, inhalants (fumes from glues, aerosols, and solvents) and over-the-counter cough, cold, sleep, and diet medications. The most commonly used illegal drugs are marijuana (pot), stimulants (cocaine, crack, and speed), LSD, PCP, opiates, heroin, and designer drugs (Ecstasy). The
use of illegal drugs is increasing, especially among young teens. The average age of first marijuana use is 14, and alcohol use can start before age 12. The use of marijuana and alcohol in high school has become common. Alcohol is the substance abused most frequently by adolescents, followed by marijuana and tobacco. In the past month, 39 percent of high school seniors reported drinking some alcohol, almost 23 percent reported using marijuana, and 16 percent reported smoking cigarettes (Johnston 241).

Alcohol
Alcoholism is a substance use disorder in which the sufferer has problems managing how much alcohol they drink and their lives as a result. More adolescents drink alcohol than smoke cigarettes or use marijuana. Within the past month, almost four out of 10 high school seniors report drinking some alcohol and more than one in five have engaged in “binge drinking” in
the past two weeks (Knight 63). Drinking endangers adolescents in multiple ways including motor vehicle crashes, the leading cause of death for this age group. Nearly one in four adolescents has ridden in a car with a driver who had been drinking. Genetic factors and life stressors influence adolescents’ alcohol abuse, but parents and guardians can help by monitoring adolescents’ activities and keeping channels of communication open (Dillard 116). Also here are some dangerous effects of alcohol use in teens. Male teens who drink heavily tend to complete fewer years of education compared to male teens who do not. The younger a person is when they begin drinking, the more likely they are to develop a problem with alcohol. Each year, almost 2,000 people under the age of 21 die in car crashes in which underage drinking is involved. Alcohol is involved in nearly half of all violent deaths involving youth (McVay 30). In 2010, 56% of drivers 15 to 20 years
of age who were killed in motor-vehicle crashes after drinking and driving were not wearing a seat belt (Wiley 107). More than three times the number of eighth-grade girls who drink heavily said they have attempted suicide compared to girls in that grade who do not drink. Intoxication is associated with suicide attempts using more deadly methods, and positive blood alcohol levels are often found in people who complete suicide. And teens who drink are more likely to engage in sexual activity, have unprotected sex, have sex with a stranger, or be the victim or perpetrator of a sexual assault.

Tobacco
Cigarette smoking among adolescents has declined dramatically in the last 15 years. Today, most adolescents do not smoke, but about one in five has smoked within the past month and the use of smokeless tobacco increased between 2008 and 2010, but has remained fairly
steady since 2010 (Johnston 244). Tobacco use harms nearly every organ in the body, and more than six million children born between 1983 and 2000 will die in adulthood of smoking-related illnesses (Johnston 246). Multiple factors influence whether an adolescent becomes a regular smoker, including genetics and having parents or peers who smoke. Many adolescents start trying tobacco products at a young age, so prevention efforts in schools, in communities, and in homes, can help and should begin early. The dangerous effects of tobacco that may happen if you engage would be Cancer, Cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, esophagus, and more, Frequent colds, Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Stroke, and heart disease as far as health risks go. Also, other negatives that a teen would not like would be Stained teeth, Bad breath, Clothes, hair, hands, room, and car reek of smoke. Premature face wrinkles, Diminished sense of taste and smell, Smoking drains your wallet ($2.25 or more a pack). Chewing tobacco leaves gross stuff between your teeth so there will be no kissing for that person.

Illicit drugs
Illicit drug use which includes the abuse of illegal drugs or the
misuse of prescription medications or household substances is something many adolescents engage in occasionally, and a few do regularly. By the twelfth grade, about half of adolescents have abused an illicit drug at least once (Wiley 110). The most commonly used drug is marijuana but adolescents can find many abused substances, such as methamphetamine, cocaine and crack, and heroin, in the environment. There are dangerous effects for illicit drugs of methamphetamine which are chemicals used in making meth are dangerous to people and the environment. Prolonged use can cause psychosis and permanent brain damage. Also, it can cause convulsions, auditory hallucinations, irregular heartbeat and insomnia. Results in depressions, anxiety, fatigue, extreme aggression. Next, Cocaine and Crack it is highly addictive. It creates physical and psychological cravings. Injecting cocaine or any other drug increases risk of infection of hepatitis or HIV through shared,
dirty needles. Snorting cocaine can create holes in the lining of your nose, or chronic nasal dripping. And lastly, Heroin which is highly addictive as well. Users feel the need to take more heroin as soon as possible, in order to feel good again. Heroin damages the body over time. Chronic constipation, dry skin, scarred veins and breathing problems are just a few of the long-term symptoms. If injected with a needle, users are likely to collapse veins and exposure to infections through shared needles. It is easy to overdose on and extreme withdrawal symptoms, including insomnia, vomiting and muscle pain. Many factors and strategies can help adolescents stay drug free. A Strong positive connections with parents, other family members, school, and religion is one way. Also, having parents present in the home at key times of the day while reducing access in the home to illegal substances.

Adolescent and Environment

Family
Family structures in America have become more different from the
traditional nuclear family to single parent families, stepfamilies, foster families, and blended families. Therefore, when a family member abuses substances, the effect on the family may differ according to family shape. Family members may experience feelings of abandonment, anxiety, fear, anger, concern, embarrassment, or guilt; they may wish to ignore or cut ties with the person abusing substances. Some family members even may feel the need for legal protection from the person abusing substances. Moreover, the effects on families may continue for generations. Intergenerational effects of substance abuse can have a negative impact on role modeling, trust, and concepts of normative behavior, which can damage the relationships between generations. (Johnston 247). For example, a child with a parent who abuses substances may grow up to be an overprotective and controlling parent who does not allow his or her children the necessary independence they may
need. People who abuse substances are likely to find themselves increasingly isolated from their families. Often they prefer associating with others who abuse substances or participate in some other form of antisocial activity. These associates support and reinforce each other’s behavior. Teens copy what they see the adults in their lives doing, and will use substance abuse to feel more grown up or to rebel against adults. It is helpful for parents to give clear messages about the dangers of teen alcohol and drugs and pair those messages with rules and consequences that are firm but fair. Following their own rules in the home as an example of responsible, legal, and safe use of alcohol is another important hint for parents. Modeling what you want your child or teen to do in terms of drug and alcohol use is key.

Peer Pressure
Peer pressure is
known for the desire to fit in among teenagers. Being influenced have been found to be among the strongest predictors of drug use during adolescence (Farrell 88). It has been argued that peers initiate youth into drugs, provide drugs, model drug-using behaviors, and shape attitudes about drugs (James 78). Peers can have a negative influence, they can encourage each other to skip classes, steal, cheat, use drugs or alcohol, or become involve in other risky behaviors. The majority of teens with substance abuse problems began using drugs or alcohol as a result of peer pressure. The teen sees drugs being used at a party or among a common group of friends, and may not feel enough self-esteem to say no (and thus stand out from the crowd). The easy answer is that anyone who will not include you because you do not use drugs is not your friend. But those circumstances become difficult to avoid when teens are discovering the world and making their own choices for
the first time. Teens can learn to identify subtle circumstances where they may feel pressured to use drug; once they do, it becomes easier to "just say no." Similarly, teens with a strong relationship with their mothers are less likely to give in to peer pressure and drug abuse than those with difficult mother-child relationships. It can also cause you to act in ways that do not mesh with your sense of right and wrong. For example, you may not feel like using drugs or drinking, but you might use anyway because you feel pressured by friends. On the other hand, peer pressure can also be a positive influence when it helps to challenge or motivate you to do your best. For example, if your friends notice that your drug use or drinking habits are negatively affecting your life, they might pressure you to stop or encourage you to talk to someone like a doctor or counselor about your habit.

Self-Esteem
Poor self-esteem is one of several factors that can lead to substance abuse in teenagers. A teen who has a low opinion of himself might turn to drugs or alcohol in an attempt to boost his confidence and improve his social skills, at least temporarily. Teenagers who feel they have little value might view drugs and alcohol as magic potions that quiets their self-degrading thoughts and help them cope more positively with daily living. For example, high school girls with low self-esteem were twice as likely as girls with high self-esteem to drink alcohol or use drugs, according to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (James 70). Teens who suffer from or who were victims of physical, sexual or emotional abuse are at a higher risk of
substance abuse during the teen years and as young adults. Teens who are physically attacked, teased or threatened in person or online are more likely to abuse substances than kids who are not victimized by bullies. Teens who are harassed via email, social networking sites or other online forums are twice as likely as other adolescents to use a variety of substances. Also, low self-esteem has been part of a teenager's upbringing, they may see themselves as less than everyone else, lacking in one way or another. They may consider their body or looks to be unattractive; they may doubt their ability to participate in sports; or they may tell themselves that their brain power is insufficient. In either child or adult, low self-esteem can result in feeling stuck, having little or no motivation or energy. Everything becomes work and hence the potential for destructive behavior and escaping to a world where judgment is non-existent becomes a very powerful
hook. Therefore, having those emotions about yourself and feeling like you are not acceptable will drift a person into substance abuse and drugs.

Conclusion
Teenage drug abuse is a widespread problem that continues to affect teens across the world. The Media has played a major role in Adolescents that are using substance abuse. Television programs and movies contain appreciable amounts of substance use. Unlike traditional advertising, media depictions of legal drugs are generally positive and invite no criticism, because they are not viewed as advertising. The result is that young people receive mixed messages about substance use, and the media contribute significantly to the risk that young people will engage in substance use. Parents and schools have been trying to get teenagers to just say “no” to drugs, but cigarette, alcohol, and prescription drug advertising
is effectively working to get them to say “yes” to smoking, drinking, and other drugs. Teenagers must realize that before you attempt to drink and smoke with your friends thinking it is cool, you are more than likely to get involved in dangerous situations. Teenagers are vulnerable they give in to situations they feel are cool and likable. They rely on what they friends think, and how popular it may be at that time although they may know the truth. Furthermore, substances can feel good at first, but they can ultimately do a lot of harm to the body and brain. So, teenagers should realize they should not let anyone influence them into negative behavior. Adolescents need to be able to stand out more and continue with a positive outlook on life without drugs.