My impression is that 'the right' is more likely to be used when there is a law in place clearly stating the existence of a particular right. However, I've seen both usages in the same context so it seems it's more a question of focus/emphasis than grammar. Right?
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As is usually the case, the difference between "a" and "the" is specicifity.
In your particular sentence, I think the choice between "a" and "the" would frequently simply depend on the way the speaker is viewing the idea of "right". If the speaker is looking at "right" in very global/general terms (no matter whether there is a specific law or not), then "a" will likely