"By ditching the old parties and backing an untried interloper, France has taken what Disraeli called a leap in the dark." (The Guardian.)
Is phrase By ditching the old parties and backing an untried interloper a hanging participle in the above?
, France has taken .... That's a matching participle clause, not a hanging clause. CJ
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No, because "France" is the implied subject of the participle clause:
Because France has ditched the old parties ..., France has taken ....
That's a matching participle clause, not a hanging clause.
CJ