For close to the next century, scientists would tussle over the relative benefits and risks of salt consumption— although the quality of the research on both sides was far from equivalent.
--- I understand it means "Almost to the next century"
--- Did the author mean "far from perfect"?
"For close to the next century" = for almost the next one hundred years. e. one side's research was much superior.
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"For close to the next century" = for almost the next one hundred years.
The last part means that research supporting one side of the argument was not equivalent in quality to the research supporting the other side, i.e. one side's research was much superior. In this sentence we are not told which is which.