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Anonymous Posted 15 years ago
Essay & Composition Writing
Essay on the 'Fractional-Reserve' banking system. Please please read this and give me your feedback. This was my culminating project for the end of last year. My teacher gave me a terrible mark. I dont think he read it... Please give feedback. Note this wa
Paper Thin
The theory behind money, bank credit, and financial markets are daunting concepts that very few in the North-American society grasp. Through a labyrinth of overlapping broadness and complexity seen in “Modern Money Mechanics” (a resource which theoretically explains how the fractional-reserve monetary system works), the government intends to keep it this way. For it is easy to guide the blind.
In theory the idea of a fractional reserve banking system is rather smart. Basically, a bank is required to store 10% of the money deposited to them on site, which allows them to loan out the other 90% of that deposited amount. But the interesting thing about this practice is that the 90% is then loaned/deposited to another bank, and the process repeats; creating approximately 9 times the original amount. Mathematically, a deposit of $1,000,000 creates roughly $9,000,000 of new money on top of itself. This means that for every deposit that ever occurs in the banking system, nine times that amount can be created out of nothing.
There are two clear problems with this system; the first being inflation. “For the act of expanding the money supply without there being a proportional expansion of goods and services in the economy will always debase a currency”file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn1. The second being the structural weaknesses that surround this warped monetary system. Following these two central problems are a series of consequences that have the potential to cripple our entire planet. This institution’s faults and short-comings are too big for us to not act on. We must change the flawed foundation that our world is built on; for the betterment of the economy, and our civilization.
In this system, the banks are literally banking on the fact that depositors will not withdrawal their money at the same time. I find it ridiculous that the government has instilled a method with such a massive variable ingrained in its workings. They are basically leaving it to chance. History has shown that a collapse in the fractional reserve monetary system can happen, and most likely will happen. America’s stock market crash in 1929 is a clear example.
The stock market collapsed due to gross amounts of shares being exchanged. The machines that tracked market prices lagged behind; due to the instability and uncertainty of not knowing how the stock market was currently performing. As a result of this instability, everyone began to sell their shares. With all shares being sold, and no shares being bought, the stock market had nowhere to go but down. This caused hundreds of thousands of people to recede into debt. But citizens were not only affected. Banks also had a massive amount of shares in stocks. In fact, it was the citizen’s deposits that were being used to buy those stock shares. This forced many banks to claim bankruptcy.
When the American populace began to notice the banks’ shakiness, the majority of the population tried to withdraw the money from their savings accounts, sending the U.S into even deeper a hole. But it was chiefly due to the fractional reserve system that banks could not return citizens their money; they simply did not have it. So the 90% that was loaned out was essentially lost. Leaving only about 10% to be given back to its rightful owners.
This economic collapse caused a ripple effect that reached out far beyond the borders of America into almost all the countries that had dealings with US imports/exports. Most significantly Canada and Britain: who went into a recession of their own due to the symbiotic relationship they had with the US.
“If there were no debts in our money system, there wouldn’t be any money”
–Marriner Eccles, Governor of the Federal Reserve
As we know, 9/10 dollars a bank has in its reserves is being loaned out to the population, only keeping 1/10 of those dollars on site, hence the term: fractional-reserve banking. And of course with a loan, comes interest. So the key element which allows this system to appear stable is the application of interest. But in this system, which creates money out of debt and then proceeds to place taxes on that debt, cannot sustain itself.
The Central Bank is the entity that creates and issues money in a country; this is done in the form of an exchange between dollar bills and government bonds, which are essentially instruments of debt. So a State which asks for a loan must sign a contract which promises to repay the Central Bank the full amount loaned, along with compounded interest of course. The same is true for a individual who needs a loan from a commercial bank. The bank is pleased to make the loan, as long as you can show you have security, and promise to repay with interest. This means that a countries debt will always be higher than the money supply in which it operates on. Which in turn means that bankruptcy and foreclosures are literally built into our monetary system. So what does the government do to “fix” this? They create more money and put it in circulation in an effort to mask the outstanding debt. But as we know: adding more money to the total money supply only creates more debt. This addition of money to the country’s money supply is termed liquidity.
The government creates more liquidity by putting their own money into the economy. The government can pump as much money as is needed into the economy to sustain them for the near future, but look ahead. Nothing can grow forever. Which sadly means that at some undefined point, inflation will not be able to solve our problems, and at this point a massive economic collapse will occur; similar to what the Western-most industrialized countries saw in the 1930’s.
It is an interesting notion that what saved us from the greatest economic disaster of our time is the government adding more money to the money supply, also known as inflating the economy. Ironically, as the economy is forcibly continued to inflate (to pay off the interest); high inflation is now what will cause the collapse. And it will not go away. Hence, we must change this system before we are required to; for it is a mathematical surety that it will not last.
Not only is this debt-based monetary system an economic barrier, but it also promotes classism, as well as the transfer of money from the poor to the rich. To put it in perspective: an upper class citizen deposits money into the bank looking to gain interest, while a lower class citizen must take out a loan –which carries interest– to help support themselves. And where is the interest paid to the upper class citizen coming from? The money the lower class citizen is working two jobs for. This system works to keep the population in their pay grades, so the advancement in monetary status is near impossible. This problem can be seen internationally through the astonishing statistic that 1% of the world’s population owns 40% of the global money supplyfile:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn2. But why would a system like this stay in place? For no reason other than profit: a person pressured for money will be more likely to work at a job that has a lower paying wage. Which means more money for the employer.
As stated before, debt is thoroughly ingrained in our monetary system, and because most countries today operate under this type of system, debt has begun to spread worldwide. We have noticed banks and businesses needing bailouts (loans) quite often over the past decade. But now that debt is spreading at an accelerated rate, entire countries are beginning to literally claim bankruptcy. So what the country is forced to do is to accept a loan from another country to bail them out, similar to how a central bank bails out a commercial bank. And of course, with those loans comes interest: putting the country in even deeper debt. Subsequently, when the country can’t pay off that debt to the loaner country, the country in debt will have to pay off the loan through its natural resources. And what will a country do with a greater quantity of resources? Use those resources faster. Just like a person with more money will spend more money. So you can see this system isn’t only centered around debt and bankruptcy, but on the massive consumption of our earth’s resources.
Calculations show that the planet has available 1.9 hectares of biologically productive land per person to supply resources and absorb wastes—yet the average person on Earth already uses 2.3 hectares worth. These “ecological footprints” range from the 9.7 hectares claimed by the average American to the 0.47 hectares used by the average Mozambicanfile:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn3
It needs to be recognized that we only have one planet, and even though there are conflicts between countries, we are all one in the same, and we are killing our planet for “money”: pieces of paper that hold no real value at all. Or in our case, numbers in a computer, which in reality mean even less.
You can see the parallelism of a country’s society in debt to the global debt through the relation between the creation of the Federal Reserve and the creation of the World Bank. The FED was created to help America out of a massive economic failure. We can see this same action has been done on a global scale: through the conception of the World Bank. And you could almost guess it; the World Bank is run out of Washington D.C, same as the Federal Reserve. These two establishments also share one more similarity: they are not a natural product in the development of the banking systemfile:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn4
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn5
“At the World Bank we have made the world's challenge—to reduce global poverty—our challenge.”file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn6
The World Bank’s mission statement is to reduce global poverty, so why is Africa –the most poverty stricken region in the world– only receiving 1% of the total shares from the World Bank? Simply put, the World Bank knows that they will not be able to pay it off, and there is no profit in that. So they loan the money to the “less poor” countries that will be able to scrape together enough money to pay back the due interest, but not totally pay off their ‘bill’. Is this not exactly what the commercial banks do today?
Now, look at the bigger picture. Almost every single country on our planet is saturated with debt.file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn7 What is the protocol when we are all in so much debt, that we can no longer bail each other out? Countries will fall deeper into bankruptcy. It has been seen before: Argentina, 2002. The country reached a point where it was not able to handle its debt problems; resulting in a country wide economic failure. Many companies had to close down, and in effect many lost their jobs. The government was forced to freeze bank accounts and put limits the maximum amount that an account holder can withdraw each day or week. Prior to this breakdown, many of its people took out their money from banks before it lost more value. There was so much money pulled out of shares and stocks that the country was catapulted into one of the worst financial crises ever. This economic failure bares shocking resemblance to America’s 1930’s depression. Only this time it is much worse; proving that history does indeed repeat itself, and with a harsher cost. But unlike America’s recession, Argentina could not escape bankruptcy. They could no longer get financial institutions –not even the World Bank– to lend them money no matter how high they were willing to pay on interest rates. Proving that this problem of institutionalized debt isn’t only not going away, but is getting worse.
This is a simple pattern that the majority either don’t see, or choose not to see. But the fact is: it will continue. And our world simply cannot thrive, or even survive when such significant decisions are being based off profit.
It is up to us to change this repetitive design, for no government institution will do it themselves. We have been granted democracy, and we must start using it. This begins with the populous getting educated on the matter. Because there is no hope in a world that’s global relations are paper thin.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref1 Zeitgeist: Addendum. Prod. Peter Joseph. Perf. Peter Joseph. 2008. DVD.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref2 Randerson, James. "World's Richest 1% Own 40% of All Wealth, UN Report Discovers | Money | The Guardian." Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian | Guardian.co.uk. 06 Dec. 2006. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/dec/06/business.internationalnews>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref3 "The State of Consumption Today." Worldwatch Institute. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.worldwatch.org/node/810>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref4 Vera C. Smith, The Rationale of Central Banking and the Free Banking Alternative (Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Press, 1990), chap. 12, p.169.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref5 What Is the World Bank Funding? Digital image. Loans, Financial Infographics, Savings Accounts & CD Rates - VisualEconomics.com. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.visualeconomics.com/what-is-the-world-bank-funding/>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref6 "About Us - Challenge." World Bank Group. Web. 31 May 2011. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040565~menuPK:1696892~pagePK:51123644~piPK:329829~theSitePK:29708,00.html>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref7 Maund, Nigel H. "Global Debt Saturation." Alternative Insight-Foreign Policy and Politics. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.alternativeinsight.com/Tulips_of_Stone.html>;.
The theory behind money, bank credit, and financial markets are daunting concepts that very few in the North-American society grasp. Through a labyrinth of overlapping broadness and complexity seen in “Modern Money Mechanics” (a resource which theoretically explains how the fractional-reserve monetary system works), the government intends to keep it this way. For it is easy to guide the blind.
In theory the idea of a fractional reserve banking system is rather smart. Basically, a bank is required to store 10% of the money deposited to them on site, which allows them to loan out the other 90% of that deposited amount. But the interesting thing about this practice is that the 90% is then loaned/deposited to another bank, and the process repeats; creating approximately 9 times the original amount. Mathematically, a deposit of $1,000,000 creates roughly $9,000,000 of new money on top of itself. This means that for every deposit that ever occurs in the banking system, nine times that amount can be created out of nothing.
There are two clear problems with this system; the first being inflation. “For the act of expanding the money supply without there being a proportional expansion of goods and services in the economy will always debase a currency”file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn1. The second being the structural weaknesses that surround this warped monetary system. Following these two central problems are a series of consequences that have the potential to cripple our entire planet. This institution’s faults and short-comings are too big for us to not act on. We must change the flawed foundation that our world is built on; for the betterment of the economy, and our civilization.
In this system, the banks are literally banking on the fact that depositors will not withdrawal their money at the same time. I find it ridiculous that the government has instilled a method with such a massive variable ingrained in its workings. They are basically leaving it to chance. History has shown that a collapse in the fractional reserve monetary system can happen, and most likely will happen. America’s stock market crash in 1929 is a clear example.
The stock market collapsed due to gross amounts of shares being exchanged. The machines that tracked market prices lagged behind; due to the instability and uncertainty of not knowing how the stock market was currently performing. As a result of this instability, everyone began to sell their shares. With all shares being sold, and no shares being bought, the stock market had nowhere to go but down. This caused hundreds of thousands of people to recede into debt. But citizens were not only affected. Banks also had a massive amount of shares in stocks. In fact, it was the citizen’s deposits that were being used to buy those stock shares. This forced many banks to claim bankruptcy.
When the American populace began to notice the banks’ shakiness, the majority of the population tried to withdraw the money from their savings accounts, sending the U.S into even deeper a hole. But it was chiefly due to the fractional reserve system that banks could not return citizens their money; they simply did not have it. So the 90% that was loaned out was essentially lost. Leaving only about 10% to be given back to its rightful owners.
This economic collapse caused a ripple effect that reached out far beyond the borders of America into almost all the countries that had dealings with US imports/exports. Most significantly Canada and Britain: who went into a recession of their own due to the symbiotic relationship they had with the US.
“If there were no debts in our money system, there wouldn’t be any money”
–Marriner Eccles, Governor of the Federal Reserve
As we know, 9/10 dollars a bank has in its reserves is being loaned out to the population, only keeping 1/10 of those dollars on site, hence the term: fractional-reserve banking. And of course with a loan, comes interest. So the key element which allows this system to appear stable is the application of interest. But in this system, which creates money out of debt and then proceeds to place taxes on that debt, cannot sustain itself.
The Central Bank is the entity that creates and issues money in a country; this is done in the form of an exchange between dollar bills and government bonds, which are essentially instruments of debt. So a State which asks for a loan must sign a contract which promises to repay the Central Bank the full amount loaned, along with compounded interest of course. The same is true for a individual who needs a loan from a commercial bank. The bank is pleased to make the loan, as long as you can show you have security, and promise to repay with interest. This means that a countries debt will always be higher than the money supply in which it operates on. Which in turn means that bankruptcy and foreclosures are literally built into our monetary system. So what does the government do to “fix” this? They create more money and put it in circulation in an effort to mask the outstanding debt. But as we know: adding more money to the total money supply only creates more debt. This addition of money to the country’s money supply is termed liquidity.
The government creates more liquidity by putting their own money into the economy. The government can pump as much money as is needed into the economy to sustain them for the near future, but look ahead. Nothing can grow forever. Which sadly means that at some undefined point, inflation will not be able to solve our problems, and at this point a massive economic collapse will occur; similar to what the Western-most industrialized countries saw in the 1930’s.
It is an interesting notion that what saved us from the greatest economic disaster of our time is the government adding more money to the money supply, also known as inflating the economy. Ironically, as the economy is forcibly continued to inflate (to pay off the interest); high inflation is now what will cause the collapse. And it will not go away. Hence, we must change this system before we are required to; for it is a mathematical surety that it will not last.
Not only is this debt-based monetary system an economic barrier, but it also promotes classism, as well as the transfer of money from the poor to the rich. To put it in perspective: an upper class citizen deposits money into the bank looking to gain interest, while a lower class citizen must take out a loan –which carries interest– to help support themselves. And where is the interest paid to the upper class citizen coming from? The money the lower class citizen is working two jobs for. This system works to keep the population in their pay grades, so the advancement in monetary status is near impossible. This problem can be seen internationally through the astonishing statistic that 1% of the world’s population owns 40% of the global money supplyfile:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn2. But why would a system like this stay in place? For no reason other than profit: a person pressured for money will be more likely to work at a job that has a lower paying wage. Which means more money for the employer.
As stated before, debt is thoroughly ingrained in our monetary system, and because most countries today operate under this type of system, debt has begun to spread worldwide. We have noticed banks and businesses needing bailouts (loans) quite often over the past decade. But now that debt is spreading at an accelerated rate, entire countries are beginning to literally claim bankruptcy. So what the country is forced to do is to accept a loan from another country to bail them out, similar to how a central bank bails out a commercial bank. And of course, with those loans comes interest: putting the country in even deeper debt. Subsequently, when the country can’t pay off that debt to the loaner country, the country in debt will have to pay off the loan through its natural resources. And what will a country do with a greater quantity of resources? Use those resources faster. Just like a person with more money will spend more money. So you can see this system isn’t only centered around debt and bankruptcy, but on the massive consumption of our earth’s resources.
Calculations show that the planet has available 1.9 hectares of biologically productive land per person to supply resources and absorb wastes—yet the average person on Earth already uses 2.3 hectares worth. These “ecological footprints” range from the 9.7 hectares claimed by the average American to the 0.47 hectares used by the average Mozambicanfile:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn3
It needs to be recognized that we only have one planet, and even though there are conflicts between countries, we are all one in the same, and we are killing our planet for “money”: pieces of paper that hold no real value at all. Or in our case, numbers in a computer, which in reality mean even less.
You can see the parallelism of a country’s society in debt to the global debt through the relation between the creation of the Federal Reserve and the creation of the World Bank. The FED was created to help America out of a massive economic failure. We can see this same action has been done on a global scale: through the conception of the World Bank. And you could almost guess it; the World Bank is run out of Washington D.C, same as the Federal Reserve. These two establishments also share one more similarity: they are not a natural product in the development of the banking systemfile:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn4
The World Bank’s lending habits for the 2008 fiscal year |
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn5
“At the World Bank we have made the world's challenge—to reduce global poverty—our challenge.”file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn6
The World Bank’s mission statement is to reduce global poverty, so why is Africa –the most poverty stricken region in the world– only receiving 1% of the total shares from the World Bank? Simply put, the World Bank knows that they will not be able to pay it off, and there is no profit in that. So they loan the money to the “less poor” countries that will be able to scrape together enough money to pay back the due interest, but not totally pay off their ‘bill’. Is this not exactly what the commercial banks do today?
Now, look at the bigger picture. Almost every single country on our planet is saturated with debt.file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftn7 What is the protocol when we are all in so much debt, that we can no longer bail each other out? Countries will fall deeper into bankruptcy. It has been seen before: Argentina, 2002. The country reached a point where it was not able to handle its debt problems; resulting in a country wide economic failure. Many companies had to close down, and in effect many lost their jobs. The government was forced to freeze bank accounts and put limits the maximum amount that an account holder can withdraw each day or week. Prior to this breakdown, many of its people took out their money from banks before it lost more value. There was so much money pulled out of shares and stocks that the country was catapulted into one of the worst financial crises ever. This economic failure bares shocking resemblance to America’s 1930’s depression. Only this time it is much worse; proving that history does indeed repeat itself, and with a harsher cost. But unlike America’s recession, Argentina could not escape bankruptcy. They could no longer get financial institutions –not even the World Bank– to lend them money no matter how high they were willing to pay on interest rates. Proving that this problem of institutionalized debt isn’t only not going away, but is getting worse.
This is a simple pattern that the majority either don’t see, or choose not to see. But the fact is: it will continue. And our world simply cannot thrive, or even survive when such significant decisions are being based off profit.
It is up to us to change this repetitive design, for no government institution will do it themselves. We have been granted democracy, and we must start using it. This begins with the populous getting educated on the matter. Because there is no hope in a world that’s global relations are paper thin.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref1 Zeitgeist: Addendum. Prod. Peter Joseph. Perf. Peter Joseph. 2008. DVD.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref2 Randerson, James. "World's Richest 1% Own 40% of All Wealth, UN Report Discovers | Money | The Guardian." Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian | Guardian.co.uk. 06 Dec. 2006. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/dec/06/business.internationalnews>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref3 "The State of Consumption Today." Worldwatch Institute. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.worldwatch.org/node/810>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref4 Vera C. Smith, The Rationale of Central Banking and the Free Banking Alternative (Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Press, 1990), chap. 12, p.169.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref5 What Is the World Bank Funding? Digital image. Loans, Financial Infographics, Savings Accounts & CD Rates - VisualEconomics.com. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.visualeconomics.com/what-is-the-world-bank-funding/>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref6 "About Us - Challenge." World Bank Group. Web. 31 May 2011. <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040565~menuPK:1696892~pagePK:51123644~piPK:329829~theSitePK:29708,00.html>;.
file:///C:/Users/USER/Desktop/Fractional%20Reserve%20Law%20Essay%20-%20FINAL.docx#_ftnref7 Maund, Nigel H. "Global Debt Saturation." Alternative Insight-Foreign Policy and Politics. Web. 30 May 2011. <http://www.alternativeinsight.com/Tulips_of_Stone.html>;.
Top answer
Why did you get a terrible mark? Was it attributed to the English or the content of your article? John
- Why did you get a terrible mark?
- Was it attributed to the English or the content of your article?
- John
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5 Answers
0
Why did you get a terrible mark?
Was it attributed to the English or the content of your article?
John
Was it attributed to the English or the content of your article?
John
00
I honestly believe my teacher pulled the mark********* [edited by Moderator] , because i worked so hard on this essay, and i feel like i havent gotten any recognition for it. So i posted it on this site to see what people think of it.
00
I would be happy to comment on your essay, but - again - I must ask you why your teacher gave you a bad mark?
Was it because he felt that the English was poor or was it because he did not like the content (the theories and explanations) you wrote? Both, perhaps?
Did he tell you why? Did you ask him?
If you answer these questions I'll be able to give you
Was it because he felt that the English was poor or was it because he did not like the content (the theories and explanations) you wrote? Both, perhaps?
Did he tell you why? Did you ask him?
If you answer these questions I'll be able to give you
00
I did talk to him about it, every question i brought up he related back to my citations, which were fine except for one which i probably shouldnt have used. I sincerely believe he saw the way i cited (which was incorrect, not the citations themselves, its because i used footnotes, i thought it would be easier to see specifically what i cited and have the citation at the bottom of my page) my work
00
So - you are saying that the reason you got a bad mark was because you did not use good quality citations and that you formatted them in a manner that did not please your prof and made him think that since the citations were poorly formatted, the rest of the essay must be bad? Is that it?
If yes, I have a hard time with that.
If you had googled "how to cite references in an essay
If yes, I have a hard time with that.
If you had googled "how to cite references in an essay
0
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