Esl reading assignment!

Logic, which is the basis of rhetoric, comes from culture; it is not universal. Rhetoric, therefore, is not universal either but 
varies from culture to culture. The rhetorical system of one language is neither better nor worse than the rhetorical system 
of another language, but it is different. 
English logic and English rhetoric, which are based on Anglo-European cultural patterns, are linear – that is, a good 
English paragraph begins with a general statement with a series of specific illustration. A good English paragraph may 
also use just the reverse sequence: It may state a whole series of examples and then summarize those examples in a 
single statement at the end of the paragraph. In either case, however, the flow of ideas occurs in a straight line from the 
opening sentence to the last sentence. Furthermore, a well-structured English paragraph is never digressive. There is 
nothing that does not belong to the paragraph and nothing that does not support the topic sentence. A type of construction 
found in Arabic and Persian writing is very different. 
Whereas English writers use a linear sequence, Arabic and Persian writers tend to construct a paragraph in a parallel 
sequence using many coordinators such as and but. In English, maturity of style is often judged by the degree of 
subordination rather than by the degree of coordination. Therefore, the Arabic and Persian styles of writing, with their 
emphasis on coordination, seem awkward and immature to an English reader. 
Some Asian writers, on the other hand, use an indirect approach. In this kind of writing, the topic is viewed from a variety 
of angles. The topic is never analyzed directly; it is referred to only indirectly. Again, such a development in an English 
paragraph is awkward and unnecessarily vague to an English reader. 
Spanish rhetoric differs from English rhetoric in still another way. While the rules of English rhetoric require that every 
sentence in a paragraph relate directly to the central idea, a Spanish-speaking writer loves to fill a paragraph with 
interesting digressions. Although a Spanish paragraph may begin and end on the same topic, the writer often digresses 
into areas that are not directly related to the topic. Spanish rhetoric, therefore, does not follow the English rule of 
paragraph unity.
In summary, a student who has mastered the grammar of English may still write poor papers unless he/she has also 
mastered the rhetoric of English. Also, the student may have difficulty reading an essay written by the rules of English 
rhetoric unless he/she understands the “logical” differences from those of his/her own native tongue

i have some quastion !
1. What transitions are used in the topic sentences of each body paragraph?
2. What is the thesis statement of the text?
3. What is the topic of the text ?
4. what is the controlling idea of the text ?
5.What are the two main characteristics of English paragraphs mentioned in the text?(Paraphrase - don't copy!)
6. lines 9 and 10 state :"There is 
nothing that does not belong to the paragraph and nothing that does not support the topic sentence" This same idea is expressed in two other places later in the text.Where? Give the line numbers and some key words.
a.

b.
7.what type of sentence construction is characteristic of "parallel" sequence?