"I went to school on Monday afternoon." or "It was a beautiful Monday afternoon.....", is the word "afternoon" an adjective/noun.....?
It's a noun. One test for nounhood is whether the word can take a plural inflection. "Afternoon" clearly can: I went to school only on Monday afternoon s .
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It's a noun.
One test for nounhood is whether the word can take a plural inflection. "Afternoon" clearly can: I went to school only on Monday afternoons.
Note that in your second example, if we drop the modifiers "beautiful" and "Monday" to give It was an afternoon, "afternoon" has the determiner "an", which an adjective cannot normally have.