1. I understand it to mean: thus forcing the bubble to slide closer to the heated surface and hence closer to the thermal boundary layer. 2.
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park sang joonI will correct the restoration like as the following sentence.and hence (Such conditions forced the bubble to slide closer) to the thermal boundary layer.In the above sentence, the phrases 'Such conditions forced the bubble to slide closer' is omitted.I don't think that this is correct. Per my answers to (1) and (2) above, I believe it means:
park sang joonI have made another mistake; I should have typed 'beginning with', not 'beginning by'.Right.