I'll leave the rest of the question to others, but I can answer the very last one. What isn't an adverb; rather, it's a pronoun. Think of the question as a mathematical equation: what [is(=)] your name?
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With the determiner, there's a noun in front of the main verb. Is this the only difference between the two?Having the noun in front of the verb is not the important part. What is important is that the determiner is followed by a noun.
... why isn't 'what' included with the adverb list?Because it's not an adverb. It doesn't ask any questions abo