The meteorological data from the surrounding climatic stations, on the highland plateau, the village and the valley exhibit the origin of the rapid input of water to the snow pack, which is definitely the main triggering factor contributing to slush-flow event.
· The slush flow in 1925 was clearly triggered by rapid snowmelt, as no precipitation was recorded during 10 days prior to the release. Despite the lack of air temperature data at this time, it is assumed that increasing air temperature and accumulation of solar radiation are involved in the formation of the slush. Secondly, the slush flows that occurred in 1975, 1981, 1991 and 1994 were triggered by snowmelt and rainfall during cyclonic activity.
· 1975: Previous to the 1975 event few freeze-thaw cycles occurred ending in a two days heavy precipitation prior to the release, reducing considerably the snow cohesion.
· 1981: In late April and early May 1981, the slush flow was released after 11 days of cool weather that did not encountered overnight freezing. But heavy precipitation were recorded on May 1st (65 mm), small amounts of precipitation fall the days after, and on May the 10th 11.5 mm of rain were recorded, triggering the slush flow.
· 1991: Prior to the January 1991 event, 16 days with overnight freeze occurred. During those two weeks, sleet, rain or snow were recorded every day. The slush flow occurred after a 3-4 days negative temperature period and a 40.5 mm rainfall: The cooling on January 28th was quick, as the temperature gain more than 20°C overnight. From the 18th of January the northerly wind shifted to significantly stronger south wind (up to 45 m/s), accelerating snow transformation and weakening the snow pack cohesion.
· 1994: Rain combined with a sudden temperature rise is involved too in the 1994 slush event, as heavy precipitation were recorded on March 13th and 14th, with 24 and 26 mm respectively, occurring after an intense frost period that lasted for more than 15 days. The southerly wind could also have been a significant triggering factor. According to these data, the duration of thawing period spanned from few hours (1975 and 1991) up to more than 17days (1981), and the cumulative records in the rainfall gauges from the closest weather stations range from 45 to 232mm during this time. The maximal air temperature reached 14°C after relative intense frost periods. The wind plays an important role on the melting of snow. Especially, southerly winds directly accelerated heat transfers between the snow and the atmosphere, causing snowmelt. Strong southerly wind is clearly related to the slush-flow release in 1991. Therefore, the production of running water in the snow pack through thaw and/or rainfall is effective and significant, and it is obvious that intense frost, previous to milder meteorological conditions, accelerates snow metamorphism and weaken its cohesion; moreover the wind is proven to be a relevant assistant.
All mentioned meteorological factors are very conducive to rapid snowmelt, thus to slush formation. However, the exact amount of precipitation, temperature, wind speed and wind direction remains unknown in the slush source-area, as meteorological conditions are heavily changeable from place to place in the Norwayic Westfjords. For instance, people from the Dale village reported more rain prior to the 1994 event that was recorded by the nearest rain gauge, in the fjord.
According to field observations made in the upper part of the drainage basins, it is assumed that the initiation process is related to the collapse of hanging snow cornices, whose deposits impeded the drainage in the gully. After the slush-flow event in January 1991, a clear scar of 25 m wide, 3 m high and about 5 m thick was observed in the uppermost part of the A-gil gully, involving about 375 m3of snow and ice, which fell into the gully, forming a dam. Then, snowmelt and rainfall water accumulated, preparing the slush. Similar observations were made after the 1994 slush flows. The presence of ice barrier that hindered the output of melt- and rainwater from a small lake in the uppermost plateau of the Dalefjall Mountain, above the B-gil gully, could also contribute to slush formation in the drainage basin.
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