Could someone please preview my annotated bibliography?

I have completed a rough draft of an annotated bibliography. The assignment was to research why Bush decided to intervene in Somalia in 1992 then write an annotated bibliography on our research. I don't have anyone that can edit this for me so I was hoping someone can take a look. I really need a good grade on this paper.

I have this formatted with correct indentations on my paper, but I couldn't cut and paste with formatting here.

Thanks for the help.

Lofland, Valerie J. “Somalia: U.S. Intervention and Operation Restore Hope.” Case Studies in Policy Making and Implementation, vol. 6, Naval War College, Jan. 2002, pp. 53–64., www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/navy/pmi/index.html

This case study is part of an educational collection for the Naval War College (NWC) Policy Making and Implementation department. Lofland, a United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel, has worked with defense ministers and taught at NWC. Through the eyes of Colonel Rick Stevens, Lofland covers the National Security Council (NSC) authorized research and analysis of George Bush’s decision to deploy military intervention to Somalia in 1992. Stevens flew humanitarian missions into Somalia in 1992 and was appointed by the NSC to the African Affairs branch. For his research, Stevens relied on first-hand knowledge, NSC case files, as well as in-depth interviews with key military advisors, including Jeff James, a retired Army Colonel, now State Department employee who worked at the NSC during the Somali crisis. Stevens’ research helps me to understand the chronological timeline as well as the reasoning behind Bush’s decision to intervene in Somalia, by providing both confirmed and theoretical motivations. James’and Stevens’ first-hand knowledge also provides the reader an insider look into logistical and political challenges the United States faced while carrying out humanitarian aid to Somalia. This was easy to read and comprehensive, making it an excellent research source for the topic.

Smolowe, Jill. “Somalia: Great Expectations.” Time Magazine, 21 Dec. 1992, pp. 52–56
http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,977286-1,00.html

Author Smolowe is a senior staff writer for Time Magazine. Published shortly after United States troops hit Somali soil in 1992 for Operation Restore Hope this article gave me unique and timely insight from early days in the mission, which got off to a rocky start. When Bush sent troops, he intended this was to be a short-term humanitarian mission for the sole purpose of clearing a food pipeline for starving Somalis, not to start a war with with Somali gangs or influence Somali political structure. The article also discussed political difficulties with the Somali government who wanted long term military presence. Lastly, the article suggests that US Troops, backed by soldiers from other nations, were given little direction about how far to go in protecting the food pipeline against Somali gangs. Relief workers complained of delay in deliveries and lack of protection. Article predicted there would be political consequences because the Somalis expect more than the United States and the United Nations were willing to provide.

Strong, Robert. “Somalia’s 1992 Thanksgiving:Reflections on US Humanitarian Intervention in the Horn of Africa.” Newsweek, Newsweek LLC, 28 Nov. 2016, www.newsweek.com/somalias-1992-thanksgiving-reflections-us-humanitarian-intervention-horn-523887

Newsweek staff writer Robert Strong wrote this reflective article roughly four years after George Bush’s decision to send troops to intervene in Somalia. Written in easy language for popular readers, this article helped me to understand that George Bush’s decision to make foreign policy decision after not being re-elected was unique. This article provides background about events dating back to 1990, describing how civil war, refugees, clans, and drought left Somalia a country suffering from famine. The article introduces the possibility that the media influenced Bush’s decision to intervene in Somalia. Journalists who made it into refugee camps came back to the United States with horrific photos of starving Somalis. These photos quickly made it onto mainstream media, causing a dramatic public reaction. Although the article mentions the disaster that led to troop withdrawal from Somalia in 1994, the article reminds us that Operation Restore Hope was a success, saving perhaps hundreds of thousands of lives.

Stewart, Richard W. “The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994.” The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994, US Army Center of Military History, 24 Feb. 2006, history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm.

Honoring the 10th anniversary of Operation Restore Hope, this brochure was written by Dr. Richard W. Stewart, Chief of the Histories Division of the U.S. Army Center of Military History and a veteran of Somalia. The brochure is intended to highlight the bravery and dedication of the soldiers involved in the Somali humanitarian mission. Since the brochure was lengthy, I focused on a few key pages that gave me further insight into the events leading up to George Bush making the decision to intervene in Somalia. The brochure goes into detail about Operation Provide Relief, an attempt at airlifting and delivering food to remote areas in Somalia. Quickly realizing that supplies were being confiscated, Bush authorized a small group of U.S. Army Special Force soldiers to accompany the relief missions and gather intelligence about dangers. Until reading this article, I was not aware that Bush had access to this intelligence when making his decision. The article also suggested that one of the reasons Bush made the decision to intervene is that he quite simply could not explain why the United States, as a superpower, could not help starving Somalis. Although this was definitely an academic read and lengthy, it did provide me with a lot of insight.

Wines, Michael. “Mission To Somalia; Bush Declares Goal in Somalia to 'Save Thousands'.”The New York Times, 5 Dec. 1992, p. 1001001. New York Times Archives, www.nytimes.com/1992/12/05/world/mission-to-somalia-bush-declares-goal-in-somalia-to-save-thousands.html.

Written the day President George Bush ordered troops on the mission to supply food to a famined Somalia, author Michael Wines, a national correspondent for The New York Times, shares a comprehensive article that outlines Bush’s plans for the mission and assures the American public that mission is humanitarian, not a strategic in nature. This article clarified for me that Bush announced his decision to the American public 47 days before he left office. Wines used excerpts from Bush’s speech for credibility and emphasis. This article also clarified Bush’s thought process for me further by saying that Bush told the House and Congress that this mission should only last a few months at most, that he expected little resistance, and that commanders could take whatever steps necessary to safeguard the lives of our troops. I was also surprised to learn that Bill Clinton strongly supported Bush’s decision to intervene in Somalia and save lives. The timeliness of this article provided me with details that were missing in my research. I also liked that the article provided both positive and negative viewpoints about Bush’s decision to intervene.

Haulman, Daniel L. “Provide Relief.” Air Mobility Command Museum, AMC Museum Foundation, Inc., http://www.amcmuseum.org/history/provide-relief/.

Authored by Daniel L. Haulman of the Air Force Historical Research Agency, provides a historical decription of the American Mobility Command’s (AMC) mission Operation Provide Relief. No online publication date was provided and I could not locate a print copy of this article. This historical mission overview stresses the large role aircraft played in this mission and provided detail on types of planes used, names and number of divisions deployed and types of supplies delivered. The article states that the United Nations announced that 1.5 millions lives were at great risk unless help was provided quickly, so Bush authorized Operation Provide Relief on August 14, 1992 to airlift food to Somalia. This article provided for me the unknown fact that Restore Hope was the largest relief effort since the Berlin Airlift. Although academic in nature and obviously written for those interested in specifics about the aircraft in the mission, it did clarify that the failed efforts of Operation Provide Relief greatly impacted Bush’s decision to deploy troops for Operation Restore Hope.

Poole, Walter S. The Effort to Save Somalia, August 1992 - March 1994, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2005, pp. 1-9, www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Monographs/Somalia.pdf.

Walter S. Poole, Joint History Office Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2005, wrote this monograph, based on research gathered through Joint Staff files and interviews. An academic read, this book focuses on the role the Joint Chiefs of Staff had in planning and guiding the Somalian operations from August 1992 to March 1994. Since this is an 83 page study, I focused on key pages that addressed on my research topic. While some of my other sources inferred that the media might have played a role in Bush’s decision, this declassified government document states specifically that press images of Somalia provoked US intervention in Somalia. From this study I also learned that initally the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended limited US involvement, warning the administration about the risk of being pulled into an open open-ended military presence. Eventually the Joint Chief Chairman, Colin Powell and the Vice Chairman, Admiral David E. Jeremiah agreed that large scale ground troops were necessary. The few pages from this declassified government monogragh provided me with unique and highly credible details about Bush’s decision to intervene in Somalia that I had not yet seen in previous resources.

Bush, George W. “December 4, 1992: Address on Somalia.” Miller Center, 4 May 2017, millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-4-1992-address-somalia.

George Bush’s Humanitarian Mission to Somalia: Address to the Nation provides convincing evidence that, for Bush, motivations to intervene in Somalia truly were humanitarian. Bush delivers a warm, but powerful speech, explaining to the American people the extent of the dire situation in Somalia. Using vivid descriptions, Bush explains that United States assistance is the Somali’s only hope. Bush makes it clear to both the Somalians and the American people that the sole mission of military presence in Somalia is to open up a flow of food and supplies for distribution. Bush explains the relief efforts we have tried to provide so far, then describes the difficulties and violence encountered with looting. Bush explains that the US has accepted the call from the United Nations to lead the charge, Bush announced that he expected help from other nations as well. Lastly, Bush gives his appreciation to and ensures his support for the military forces and their families. This warmth and honesty in this speech gave me a clear picture of the humanitarian motivation behind Bush’s decision to intervene in Somalia.

Corddry, Charles W. “Somalia Intervention Opposed Big 'Drain' on U.S. Cited by Democrat.”Baltimore Sun, The Baltimore Sun, 3 Dec. 1992, articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-03/news/1992338109_1_somalia-murtha-security-council.

Published December 3, 1992, days before military intervention in Somalia, this article was a timely look into the oppostion George Bush faced when deciding to intervene with military troops. Written by Charles Corddry, a military correspondent for the Baltimore Sun, the article focused on the opposition of Rep. John P. Murtha, a Pennsylvania Democrat and chairman of the House Appropriations Committee's defense subcommittee, to sending troops into Somalia. Murtha opposed to the mission because it was not in our national interest, the military rules of engagement had not been thought through and the mission would put a financial strain on the US. Murtha even met with both Defense Secretary Dick Cheney and President Elect Bill Clinton to express his concerns and stated only that, if the administration went through with the mission that the US force in Somalia needed to be strong enough to protect our soldiers. The article also discusses political and military strategy discussions within the administration, but my main interest in this article were the timely details about opposition Bush was facing.