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Aspects in Human Male Sexuality
The biological develop in male involves a complex process that differs from the female. As James W. Kalat from the book “Biological Psychology” explained that what determine the sexual differentiation between human beings throughout the hormones are the chromosomes. In the case of males, they have identified chromosomes which are X and Y. Males’ anatomy is composed of gonads which are there to become testes and some sets of precursors to male and female internal structures which are called Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. Androgens are hormones that are frequently in more quantity in men, which are produced when the testes develop, and these hormones cause to generate more androgens and the growth of testes. Also, androgens provoke that the male reproductive structures called Wolffian ducts evolve into saclike structures that preserve the semen which are the seminal vesicles and from the testis into the penis a duct named the vas deferens (Kalat, 2013).
The Müllerian ducts deteriorate because the testes produce a hormone called (MIH), a Müllerian inhibiting hormone. After that degeneration, the scrotum and penis originate which occurs at the end. The sex-determining region on the chromosome Y in males is the SRY gene that creates the sperm-producing gonads to evolve into testes. Males are the only ones who have SRY gene. Commonly estrogens are more abundant in females, and contrary to male’s testes make more androgens than estrogens. During pregnancy, what prepares the uterus of a fertilized ovum is the progesterone which is a female hormone predominantly. During early development, what is important in the production of activity in certain parts of the brain are the estrogens and androgens. Something that causes the development of masculine characteristics like facial hair are the androgens (Kalat, 2013).
As the “Evolution and Human Behavior” article from the University of Texas at Austin claims that there are several studies made about the different characteristics that women and men prioritize when seeking long and short term relationships. The results showed that men in comparison with women, preferred to choose facial cues in the long-term mating relationship, but when talking about short-term mating they prefer to look toward shape bodily characteristics. Some of the most important facial characteristics which are related directly to a youth skin that does not reflect the appearance of any wrinkles and also sagginess (Confer, Perilloux &Buss, 2010).
As the article from the “Cross-Cultural consensus for waist-hip ratio and women’s attractiveness” emphasized that in a study researchers claimed that another aspect that affect how men perceive women regarding attractiveness was the relation with their body shape. This relation had to be with fecundity and the fat measured by the waist-hip ratio (WHR). As the study showed what is going to influence of what is attractive for one culture and from others can differ depending on the place and the judgments that are made to women. It was a bigger preference in non-Western cultures to think of beauty when women had low WHR such as the Western Samoa and Indonesia while in other countries men could see more beauty with the ladies with higher WHR (Devendra, Dixson, Jessop & Morgan, 2009).
As the authors, Saul L. Miller and Jon K. Maner from the Florida State University expresses that there was a study to determine the critical role that plays the smell in relation to male courtship behavior. In the study, there were two studies, in one study men were given T-shirts to smell from a woman who wore it when she was ovulating while in the other study investigators gave men to smell T-shirts who had the scent of a non-ovulating woman. The study reflected that scents in women, when they were ovulating caused a significant reaction to men because there were endocrinological responses in men and it was an increased in testosterone levels; So, different studies showed the big influence in olfactory when talking about matting. The studies proved that it was more pleasant for men to be exposed to smell women odors near to ovulation than with no ovulation. Also as the article of “Scent of a Woman: Men’s Testosterone Responses to Olfactory Ovulation Cues” said, that the increment of testosterone in men have different causes such as women ovulation cues, after watching a sexually arousal film, after being close to a beautiful woman, and others (Miller, 2010; Maner, 2010).
An article from the Neuroscience Program and Psychology Department at Michigan State University claimed that family relationships are a significant factor that can influence a homosexual orientation in children. Also, the author Anthony Bogaert said that there was an aspect in the quantity of biological older brothers that the mother carried that cause some boys to grow up being a gay instead of the communication that the biological brothers have between them; Even though the biological brothers were raised in different environments and apart from each other, the relation of having more than one biological brother have the same influence on the changing sexual preferences of being homosexual will be equal. On the other hand, Blanchard collated data from a study that showed that if the boy is right-handed, the probability that older brothers multiply the chances that the boy will be gay and that if the boy is left-handed, there will be not probability that he will become gay. But, what can sound contrary and curious is that by itself, the chances for a man or a woman to become homosexual involves that he or she is left-handed (Puts, Jordan & Breedlove, 2016).
As a biologist at the University of Liverpool, John Manning in the article “Sexuality: Your Telltale Fingertips” by Willow Lawson, found that the digit length of certain fingers has a big correlation for studying the environment in the womb that includes the fetal brain and hormones that were liberated. He claimed that men who had feminine digit ratios were more prone to have female behaviors that could be related to homosexuality. Some scientists think that something that can cause homosexuality has something to do with prenatal sex hormones and that high levels of testosterone can contribute for homosexuality and attraction of people with the same sex. There were some complex results in the studies because they were found that some gays have masculine finger patterns which were contradictory with the last studies about the digit characteristics in men (Lawson, 2005).
The author James W. Kalat explained in his book “Biological Psychology” explained that the physical features that are related to male homosexuality includes how high or short is the man and also how heavy or muscular. He said that commonly gays tend to be skinner than heterosexual and also shorter than them. He clearly makes emphasis that there are some cases where homosexual male looks more muscular or taller than some heterosexual typical men, and this stereotype is commonly seen in society. Kalat explains that there is a relation with the changes in behaviors when a person is homosexual than non-homosexual. He also claimed that there are differences in brain structures when comparing homosexual with heterosexual males; for example, the SCN Suprachiasmatic nucleus is shorter in heterosexual male than in homosexual male, but Kalat clarifies that these physical differences do not determine causes of sexual preferences even though are present in these characteristics; also Simon LeVay did a discovery where he found that the general volume size of INAH-3 was shorter in homosexual males while on the other hand, it was bigger in heterosexual males. Another similar study showed that after a microscopic view, investigator discovered differences in neurons between homosexual and heterosexual males which shown that homosexual males have shorter neurons in comparison with heterosexual males (Kalat, 2013).