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Usenet Posted 22 years ago
Usage

Cool, Jazz and Rock in 1948

I can't access the OED at the moment, so I don't know to what extent this is covered there, but via newspaperarchive.com I found an interesting article relating to the use of "cool" in the jazz world, in the Bridgeport (Conn.) Telegram, July 13, 1948:

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"Hot jazz is dead. Long live COOL jazz!"
That is the startling statement attributed to Leonard Feather, self-styled jazz expert, in a publicity release ...

"Hot jazz, as such, may be on the way out," says Feather, "but it is gradually being replaced by something that can just as well be described as "cool jazz." This phrase is simply a way of describing the younger musicians' new approach to jazz improvisation.
"The old-school jazz created a tension, where the new jazz tries to convey a feeling of rhythmic relaxation. Jazz today tends to be played a fraction behind the beat, rather than right on the beat or even ahead of it."
The term "cool", he points out, is used by many musicians as a synonym for everything good. As examples of "cool" musicians, he cites pianists Dodo Marmarosa, Errol Garner; tenor saxmen Lester Young, Lucky Thompson, Wardell Gray, Allen Eager and Dexter Gordon; alto saxist Charlie Parker, trombonist J. J. Johnson and guitarist Barney Kessel.

In other words, Mr. Feather feels that nothing but the "bebop" type of jazz is worth bothering about.
That we disagree wholeheartedly with Mr. Feather need hardly be pointed out to anyone who listens to our "Rock 'n' Rhythm" program over WNAB these Tuesdays at 7 p.m.
On "Rock 'n' Rhythm" tonight, we are planning a battle-of-music between the "hot" and "cool" types of jazz.

end

This is interesting for a few reasons. First, Feather's understanding of "cool jazz" seems related to, but not entirely the same as, the idea of "cool jazz" that began to emerge a year or three later. Feather's "cool jazz" seems to be somewhat bogusly defined, but it's hard to see how it's different from bebop (one wonders whether he was searching for a term to replace 'bebop' or 'bop').
Second, note the name of the Bridgeport show, "Rock 'n' Rhythm". This shows that "rock" was being used in a jazz/blues sort of context and presumably refers to the conservative danceableness of the music played on the show (I'm basing this in part on the hostility the writer shows for Feather's point of view). I've noted before that the very term "rock and roll" can be traced back to the late '30s or early '40s and the idea that this was originally a sexual term that came to be applied to music seems to be a total self-serving myth created by the champions of certain post-Suez musical styles.
Early rhythm 'n' blues, as a style of music distinct from swing or jazz generally, seems to date from this period, and of course that black musical genre was the direct ancestor of the white "rock 'n' roll" genre that emerged after the Suez Crisis (with some hillbilly influence thrown in). I can see how rhythm 'n' blues would have been seen as "hot" in a different way from how the revived Dixieland was "hot". Cf. the "hard bop" style of jazz that developed in the mid-1950s sort of in aesthetic opposition to the cool jazz and West Coast jazz of the early '50s.

Third, Feather reports that musicians were, by this time, using "cool" to mean "good", though I guess we already knew that.
  

Top answer

[nq:1]I can't access the OED at the moment, so I don't know to what extent this is covered there, but ... [/nq] The relevant OED entires (with early cites) for 'cool' are: d. Applied to jazz music: restrained or relaxed in style; also applied to the performer; opp.

  • [nq:1]I can't access the OED at the moment, so I don't know to what extent this is covered there, but ...
  • [/nq] The relevant OED entires (with early cites) for 'cool' are: d.
  • Applied to jazz music: restrained or relaxed in style; also applied to the performer; opp.
  • hot a.
  • orig.
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8 Answers
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[nq:1]I can't access the OED at the moment, so I don't know to what extent this is covered there, but ... Feather reports that musicians were, by this time, using "cool" to mean "good", though I guess we already knew that.[/nq]
The relevant OED entires (with early cites) for 'cool' are:

d. Applied to jazz music: restrained or relaxed in style; also applied to the performer; opp. hot a
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[nq:2]I can't access the OED at the moment, so I ... to mean "good", though I guess we already knew that.[/nq]
[nq:1]The relevant OED entires (with early cites) for 'cool' are: d. Applied to jazz music: restrained or relaxed in style; ... include 'cool'! 1953 Time 14 Sept. 68/3 The latest Tin Pan Alley argot, where 'cool' means good, 'crazy' means wonderful.[/nq]
"Cool jazz" also refers to
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[nq:1]"Cool jazz" also refers to a particular style within bebop.[/nq]
It depends on how narrowly or broadly you define "bebop". Often "bebop" is used to describe specifically the earliest, pioneering phase of post-swing modern jazz, and as such bebop gradually disappears in the early '50s as it evolves into several child styles (cool jazz, West Coast jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, etc.). In one
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I see that it is time for more "cool".
Here is another Zora Neale Hurston quote from ***** in 1935 to add to those that Ben Zimmer found earlier:
LINA (laughing) That's the baby's guitar.
ORAL. The baby's guitar*
*****. Yeah, man. I made it at the mill today. I'm not going to let my son sit up in the cradle and ask him daddy 'Papa, how you let me come in this world without no instr
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[nq:2]I can't access the OED at the moment, so I ... begin == "Hot jazz is dead. Long live COOL jazz!"[/nq]
[nq:1]The relevant OED entires (with early cites) for 'cool' are:[/nq]
[nq:1]1948 Life 11 Oct. 138 Bebop: New Jazz School is Led by Trumpeter Who is Hot, Cool and Gone. 1948 New Yorker 3 July 28 The bebop people have a language of their own.+ Their expressions of approval include 'co
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[nq:1]I see that it is time for more "cool". Here is another Zora Neale Hurston quote from ***** ... shame to play in front of him. And what make it so cool, he's going to look just like me.[/nq]
Thanks for that one coincidentally, I came across it recently on the Library of Congress website, which has the text to all her plays (I'm guessing that's where you found it too):

At first I
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[nq:2]"Cool jazz" also refers to a particular style within bebop.[/nq]
[nq:1]It depends on how narrowly or broadly you define "bebop". Often "bebop" is used to describe specifically the earliest, pioneering ... being more aesthetically faithful to the original bebop, in contrast to cool and West Coast jazz (sometimes treated as synonymous).[/nq]
Which then segued into progressive jazz via
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Areff filted:
[nq:1]"Hot jazz, as such, may be on the way out," says Feather, "but it is gradually being replaced by something ... tends to be played a fraction behind the beat, rather than right on the beat or even ahead of it."[/nq]
Nice...of course, some twenty years or so earlier, the opposite of "hot" as applied to jazz (the stuff Kay Kyser played before he got into the novelty rut) w

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