I was told I like the colour red is fine. But is 'colour' redundant? If so, it should be I like red, shouldn't it? And therefore I like red colour is also incorrect.
It has to do with what you already know about the world.
If you said "I like red" with no context, I could be wondering "red... what? Red apples? Red lipstick?" If we had been talking about favorite colors already, and you said "I like red" it would be completely clear.