Clunky

1. Does "clunky" mean "old"?

2. Does "this" refer to "clunky American advertising techniques like those of Kruger's" or " leading mainstream advertisements of the 1980s that fell into an approach that has been dubbed Capitalist Realism"?

Context:

Yet, as several critics have noted, Kruger does not in fact reference contemporary advertising but employs period images that carry a certain nostalgia for the 1940s and 1950s. This strategy allows Kruger to tap into shared memories that give added value to such images, removing them from the immediacy of contemporary advertising and creating a particular hold on the viewer. Even though, as Liam Gillick notes, examples of the same ‘clunky American advertising technique’ survived well into the 1990s, most leading mainstream advertisements of the 1980s fell into an approach that has been dubbed ‘Capitalist Realism’, which will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. In essence, this is a type of advertising characterised by glossy photographic representations of the good life, attending to subliminal desire rather than acting as rather simplistic exhortations or announcements. In effect, the poster and billboard work of both Kruger and Levine fits into an older exhortatory or annunciatory mode of advertising. According to this set of conventions, the image is used as a straightforward illustration or
amplification of the verbal message, although, of course, this is hardly ever simply the case in the work of either Kruger or Levine, where the relationship of image to text is almost invariably subject to an ironic twist.