As the eldest son of the duke of Norfolk, the chief bulwark of the old Catholic aristocracy against the rising tide of "new men" and the reformed religion, Surrey was the heir not only to the Howard family's great wealth but also to their immense pride, their sense at once of noble privilege and of obligation. (page 661, The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Volume I)
Who is the chief bulwark of the old Catholic aristocracy against the rising tide of "new men" and the reformed religion: the duke of Norfolk or his eldest son?
You will have to look at the context. From only this sentence, I would assume it is the duke. But the family members were all Catholics, so it could refer to both father and son.
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You will have to look at the context. From only this sentence, I would assume it is the duke. But the family members were all Catholics, so it could refer to both father and son.
sitifanAs the eldest son of the duke of Norfolk, the chief bulwark of the old Catholic aristocracy against the rising tide of "new men" and the reformed religion, Surrey was the heir not only to the Howard family's great wealth but also to their immense pride, their sense at once of noble privilege and of obligation.
I take it to refer to Norfolk, but it co