Hi, 1) we use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean (general rule). You would also write: The sun is shining even though you had never meant the sun before. 'The establishment' in your sentence is clear for everyone which applies to the most of the abstract words like believe, development, etc.
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Kathrin3) hereafter, we use this one, when we want to refer to in some subsequent parts of the textAlthough "hereafter" can have that sense it also means "henceforth", i.e. from the date of this document.